Attending

The seminar was attended by the secretary of CEN/TC138. Tlie representativity of the working groups was satisfactory, since 6 out of 8 were represented. Feedback was received from several working groups and taken into account in the final draft. 

Plenary 21 A. Alian Wang et al, e-mail address alianw levee.wustl.edu (RS). (Unable to attend IGORS, but abstract is available in proceedings.) With teclmological advances, Raman spectroscopy now has become a field tool for geologists. Mineral characterization for terrestrial field work is feasible and a Raman instrument is being designed for the next rover to Mars, scheduled for 2003. 

The second indication is a faint smoke-like cloudiness in the zone of the tube which is being heated by the Bunsen this is readily visible as the interior of the tube is normally quite clear and bright. This is a later stage of development of the flash-back than the rise of pressure, already mentioned, and should be counteracted by moving the Bunsen immediately to the point of the combustion tube where heating was commenced. In either case the Bunsen should then be moved slowly forwards as before. A flash-back is attended by the deposition of carbon particles, carried back by the explosion wave, on the cold walls of the tube. Care should be taken that these are completely burnt off as the Bunsen is slowly moved forward again. 

FIRE HAZARDS ATTENDING THE DISTILLATION OF INFLAMMABLE SOLVENTS... 

The top of the bench should always be kept clean and dry this can easily be done if a wet and a dry rag are kept at hand. Apparatus not immediately required (a) should be kept as far as possible in a cupboard beneath the bench if it must be placed on the bench, it should be arranged in a neat and orderly manner. All apparatus should be washed immediately after use and placed in a position to drain at the first opportunity, the apparatus should be dried. It must be emphasised that as a general rule a deposit of dirt or tar is more easily removed when it is freshly formed a suitable cleaning agent can usually be found while one still remembers the nature of the material or the circumstances attending its formation. It is hardly necessary to add that sohd waste and filter papers must not be thrown into the sink, and that all operations requiring the handhng of unpleasant and noxious materials sliould be carried out in the fume cupboard ( hood ). 

The student should read Section 11,14 on the precautions attending the use of inflammable solvents before commencing the above preparation. 

Now warm 2-3 drops of acetaldehyde with 3-4 ml. of 10-20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, i.e., with excess of concentrated alkali solution. Observe the formation of a yellow aldehyde resin and the attendant peculiar odour. 

The oxidation with excess of dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid is not always satisfactory for alcohols higher than n propyl because of the attendant production of appreciable amounts of esters indeed by using a fairly high concentration of sulphuric add, good yields of esters are obtained since esterification takes place at once, even in the cold, as long as an excess of alcohol is present, for example ... 

Saccharic acid. Use the filtrate A) from the above oxidation of lactose or, alternatively, employ the product obtained by evaporating 10 g. of glucose with 100 ml. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1 15, until a syrupy residue remains and then dissolving in 30 ml. of water. Exactly neutralise at the boiling point with a concentrated solution of potassium carbonate, acidify with acetic acid, and concentrate again to a thick syrup. Upon the addition of 50 per cent, acetic acid, acid potassium saccharate sepa rates out. Filter at the pump and recrystaUise from a small quantity of hot water to remove the attendant oxahc acid. It is necessary to isolate the saccharic acid as the acid potassium salt since the acid is very soluble in water. The purity may be confirmed by conversion into the silver salt (Section 111,103) and determination of the silver content by ignition. 

The addition of the alcohol to the sodium, although attended by a very vigorous reaction which must be carefully controlled, is preferable to the reverse procedure of adding the sodium in small pieces to the alcohol. The latter method is longer and has the fiuther disadvantage that it necessitates frequent handling and exposure to the air of small pieces of sodium. 

The b.p. under atmospheric pressure is 198-199°, but is attended by slight decomposition. 

The disadvantages attending the use of acetic anhydride alone are absent when the acetylation is conducted in aqueous solution according to the following procedure. The amine is dissolved in water containing one equivalent of hydrochloric acid, slightly more than one equivalent of acetic anhydride is added to the solution, followed by enough sodium acetate to neutralise the hydrochloric acid, and the mixture is shaken. The free amine which is liberated is at once acetylated. It must be pointed out that the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride at room temperature is extremely slow and that the free amine reacts much more readily with the anhydride than does the water this forms the experimental basis for the above excellent method of acetylation. 

The preparation of a number of miscellaneous acids is described. m-Nitrobenzoic acid. Although m-nitrobenzoic acid is the main product of the direct nitration of benzoic acid with potassium nitrate and concentrated sulphuric acid, the complete separation of the small quantity of the attendant para isomer is a laborious process. It is preferable to nitrate methyl benzoate and hydrolyse the resulting methyl w-nitrobenzoate, which is easily obtained in a pure condition ... 

Some unreaeted sodium may be left 011 the walls of the flask in this method and this may partly reduee soino produet, siieh as an alkylaeetylene, derived from the sodium acetylide. The preparation of sodamide is not attended by mueh splashing and little (if any) unreaeted sodium remains on the walls of the flask. Although more manipulation and a somewhat longer time is required for the sodamide method, the latter is generally preferred as it is more adaptable and somewhat less troublesome. 

Phenol condenses with phthahc anhydride in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid or anhydrous zinc chloride to yield the colourless phenolphthalein as the main product. When dilute caustic alkah is added to an alcoholic solution of phenolphthalein, an intense red colouration is produced. The alkali opens the lactone ring in phenolphthalein and forms a salt at one phenolic group. The reaction may be represented in steps, with the formation of a h3q)othetical unstable Intermediate that changes to a coloured ion. The colour is probably due to resonance which places the negative charge on either of the two equivalent oxygen atoms. With excess of concentrated caustic alkali, the first red colour disappears this is due to the production of the carbinol and attendant salt formation, rendering resonance impossible. The various reactions may be represented as follows ... 

Group V. This group includes all the water-insoluble hydrocarbons and oxygen compounds that do not contain N or S and are soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid. Any changes—colour, excessive charring, evolution of gases or heat, polymerisation and precipitation of an insoluble compound— attending the dissolution of the substance should be carefully noted. 

Although the yields with the above simple apparatus may not be quite so high as can be obtained with the purely semimicro apparatus described in Sections XII,1 and XII,2, the numerous advantages attending the purchase of standard (and therefore comparatively inexpensive) apparatus usually outweigh the small reduction in yield. 

Quite naturally, I attended many opera performances and rehearsals with neighbors and friends from early childhood on. 1 still remember a rehearsal conducted by a gentle, smallish man who became, however, a holy terror with the orchestra and the singers alike once he raised his baton. He was Arturo Toscanini. 

We also received a solid edncation in mathematics, as well as some physics and chemistry. Although, among others, the physicist Lorand Eotvos and the chemist George Flevesy (Nobel Prize in 1943) attended the same Piarist school in earlier years, I learned about this only years later and cannot remember that anybody mentioned them as role-models during my school years. Classes were from 8 AM to 1 PM six days a week, with extensive homework for the rest of the day. I did... 

We were very much isolated in Hungary from the scientific world, which is the worst thing that can happen to scientists. Journals and books were difficult to obtain, and even then only with great delays. I was able to attend only one scientific meeting in the West, the 1955 meeting of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry... 

During my subsequent stay at the Dow Eastern Research Laboratory in Boston, I regularly attended and participated in the weekly Bartlett-Westheimer seminars at Harvard. I must have made some impression,... 

During our stay in Stockholm we attended the traditional Nobel concert in the famous Concert Hall (where later the awards themselves... 

The Nobel banquet in the Blue Hall of the Stockholm City Hall is traditionally attended, in addition to the Swedish Royal Family, by... 

We learned m the preceding section that different reactions are observed when the var lous classes of alkylammes—primary secondary and tertiary—react with mtrosatmg agents Although no useful chemistry attends the nitrosation of tertiary alkylammes elec trophilic aromatic substitution by mtrosyl cation ( N=0 ) takes place with A A dialkyl arylamines... 

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