Atropa

Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. (A. lutescens Jacquemont.) Indian belladonna. Whole plant, grown from Indian seed in the United States, 0-32 to 0-38 large stems, 0-14, According to Corfield, Kassner and Collins,the leaves and roots, as imported from India, contain on the average 0-45 and 0-47 of non-volatile alkaloid, respectively. Much volatile alkaloid (MarkwelUi). Recognised in the British Pharmacopoeia 1932, Addendum V. 

Atropa Belladonna Linn. Leaves, 0-4 roots, 0-5 seeds, 0-8 whole plant, 0-2 to 1-0 h5mscyamine with some hyoscine atropine has been found but may have resulted from racemisation during extraction apoatropine and possibly belladonnine (Kreitmair Atropa bcetica. Leaves, 0-82-1-06 roots, 0-94 fruit, 1-09 hyoscyamine and atropine. 

The volatile bases known to occur in Atropa acuminate (p. 65) do not appear to have been examined. 

By extraction of Solanacean drugs, especially Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger or other species. On careful extraction L-hyoscyamine is obtained first, which can be racemized to atropine by addition of alkali in ethanolic solution. 

Fig. 1 Reflectance scan of a chromatogram track of an Atropa belladonna extract (A) and of a reference track (B) with 200 ng of both atropine (1) and scopolamine (2).

The expansion index [51,102,103], defined as the ratio of cell fresh weight to dry weight evaluated at the time of maximum fresh weight, is a more qualitative indicator of changes in cell/aggregate size, under various cultivation conditions. Wongsamuth and Doran [58] identified the filtration characteristics of suspensions of Atropa belladonna, specifically cake permeability, which is at least partially related to morphology, as a useful indicator of shear effects. 

Solanaceae Solanoideae Atropa, Atropanthe, Cyphomandra, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Latua, Mandr agora, Nicandra, Physalis, Physochlairta, Przewalskia, Salpichroa, Scopolia, Solandra, Withania... 

The family Solanaceae consists of about 85 genera and 2800 species of plants, of which, 80 are of medicinal value in the Asia-Pacific region. Solanaceaeare well known for their parasympatholytic tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine. Classic examples are Atropa belladonna L. (belladona herb, British Pharmacopoeia 1963), Datura stramonium L. (stramonium, British Pharmacopoeia, 1963), and the dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus... 

Acute inflammation Atropa belladonna, Bryonia alba, Phytolacca decandra Apis mellifica, Lachesis mutus, Pyrogenium, Laccaninum, JJrtica urens... 

Cytochrome P450 2E1, rabbit Hairy root Atropa belladonna A. rhizogenes transformation of leaf explant CaMV 35S Not reported Not reported 22... 

The Nightshade family of plants includes three important hallucinogens Atropa belladonna (belladonna), Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), and Mandragora... 

Other plants of the nightshade family, including Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane), and Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), contain atropine-like toxins that are anticholinergic, blocking the muscarinic receptors. An incidence in southern Utah of cattle poisoned on black henbane, with many death losses, was recently reported (Pfister, 2003). Atropine and atropine-like alkaloids are discussed Section 2.2.1.7. 

In contrast to muscarine, atropine blocks these actions of acetylcholine and muscarine. Atropine is, therefore, an acetylcholine antagonist. It binds where acetylcholine binds and therefore prevents the binding of the latter but does not activate it. Two molecules cannot occupy the same binding site at the same time. Atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Extracts of this plant have been used for millennia for a variety of purposes. Although large doses are poisonous (Atropos is the name of the Fate who cuts the thread of life), small doses causes dilation of the pupils, a consequence of its action as an acetylcholine antagonist, and has been used for cosmetic purposes by women, hi Itahan, belladonna means beautiful woman. 

Tlotropium bromide (54 Spiriva Boehringer-Ingelheim/Pfizer, 2004) has been approved by the US Eood and Drug Administration (EDA) for the treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Tiotropium, a derivative of atropine from Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae), is a potent reversible nonselective inhibitor of... 

Synthesis of scopolamine (Fig. 4), a tropane alkaloid of known anticholinergic properties, was induced hy fivefold in hairy root cultures of Atropa belladonna overexpressing hyoscianine 6[3-hydroxilase. ... 

The tropane alkaloids (—)-hyoscyamine and (—)-hyoscine are found in the toxic plants deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and thornapple (Datura stramonium) and are widely used in medicine. Hyoscyamine, usually in the form of its racemate atropine, is used to dilate the pupil of the eye, and hyoscine is employed to control motion sickness. Both alkaloids are esters of (—)-tropic acid. 

The base-catalysed racemization of the alkaloid (-)-hy oscy amine to ( )-hyoscyamine (atropine) is an example of enolate anion participation. Alkaloids are normally extracted from plants by using base, thus liberating the free alkaloid bases from salt combinations. (—)-Hyoscyamine is found in belladonna Atropa belladonna) and stramonium Datura stramonium) and is used medicinally as an anticholinergic. It competes with acetylcholine for the muscarinic site of the parasympathetic nervous system, thus preventing the passage of nerve impulses. However, with careless extraction using too much base the product isolated is atropine, which has only half the biological activity of (—)-hyoscyamine, since the enantiomer (+)-hyoscyamine is essentially inactive. 

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