Atropa belladona

This group of compounds has both peripheral and central properties. It is known from ancient literature that atropine has psychotomimetic effects (extracts from Atropa belladona were used to induce hallucinations in wizards ). Central effects increase when the compounds are considered in the following rank atropine, scopolamine, benactyzine, Ditrane, and, finally, BZ and other esters of glycolic acid (Albanus, 1970). BZ was originally studied for the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases. But even in small doses it produces side effects, such as confusion and hallucinations. Therefore, BZ was withdrawn from commercial studies and turned over to the US Army as a possible candidate for incapacitating... 

Atropa belladona Vaccinium myrtillus European products De Smet, 2004... 

There is less information about the metabolism of other tropane alkaloids but for those that are esters (e.g. hyoscyamine, scopolamine) hydrolysis of the ester bond takes place to some extent, yielding bases, which may be further transformed [45, 46], Rabbit serum has been found to have esterases that are relatively specific for esters of tropic acid, and this may account for the ability of rabbits to feed with impunity on leaves of Atropa belladona [47]. Mice transform released tropic acid to a glucuronide [48]. Oxidation also occurs, both in rats and humans, with the production of N-oxides and oxidative removal of the N-methyl group to make nor-derivatives [45,46]. 

The prototype antimuscarinic agent is atropine, an alkaloid isolated from Atropa belladona (deadly nightshade) and many other plants. Atropine blocks the muscarinic actions of cholinergic agonists (Table 2.5). 

Tropane Atropine (48), Scopolamine (49) Atropa belladona Datura stramonium HSV Viral protein glycosylation Non-specific at subtoxic concentration [16, 41]... 

Tropane [piperidine- Atropine Atropa belladona Solanaceae... 

Suspension plant cell cultures of Euphorbia calyptrata, Atropa belladona, Armoracia rusticana, and Solatium aviculare were tested for biotransformation of chanoclavine (28). All tested cultures produced similar spectrum of biotransformation products from 28 (Figure 6). Euphorbia calyptrata gave the highest yields and, therefore, it was chosen for the preparatory purposes (Kfen et al., 1996a). Observed oxidative biotransformation of chanoclavine mimics the synthetic process in the reversed order. It also probably demonstrates typical biooxidative pattern of secoclavines by peroxidases. 

James (1950) cites a number of examples of seeds containing no alkaloids (Nicotiana tabacum), scant alkaloids (Atropa belladona), and abundant alkaloids (Strychnos nox-vomica). Thus it becomes very important to have a method capable of distinguishing between the static and dynamic constituents of a plant such as Vinca rosea, which at maturity contains about 100 alkaloids, whereas the seeds of V. rosea are essentially devoid of material (Scott, 1970). Figure 6.1 (Scott et al., 1973 Scott, 1974) shows the incorporation of OL-tryptophan by the seedlings. From the figure... 

From Nicotiana tabacum [5121,5127] and Atropa belladona toot cultures... 

---