Atomic absorption spectrometry vanadium

Monien and Stangel [598] studied the performance of a number of alternative chelating agents for vanadium, and their effect on vanadium analysis, by atomic absorption spectrometry with volatilisation in a graphite furnace. Two promising compounds were evaluated in detail, namely 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol in conjunction with tetraphenylarsonium chloride and tetramethylenedithiocar-bamate. These substances, dissolved in chloroform, were used for extraction... 

Although the neutron activation analysis is inherently more sensitive than the atomic absorption spectrometry, both procedures yield a reliable measurement of vanadium in seawater at the natural levels of concentration. 

Tominaga et al. [682,683] studied the effect of ascorbic acid on the response of these metals in seawater obtained by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry from standpoint of variation of peak times and the sensitivity. Matrix interferences from seawater in the determination of lead, magnesium, vanadium, and molybdenum were suppressed by addition of 10% (w/v) ascorbic acid solution to the sample in the furnace. Matrix effects on the determination of cobalt and copper could not be removed in this way. These workers propose a direct method for the determination of lead, manganese, vanadium, and molybdenum in seawater. 

The less common elements in coal ash (e.g., beryllium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, vanadium, zinc, and cadmium) can also be determined using atomic absorption (ASTM D-3683). In the test method, the ash is dissolved by mineral acids, and the individual elements determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Coal contains several elements whose individual concentrations are generally less than 0.01%. These elements are commonly and collectively referred to as trace elements. These elements occur primarily as part of the mineral matter in coal. Hence, there is another standard test method for determination of major and minor elements in coal ash by ICP-atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ASTM D-6357). The test methods pertain to the determination of antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and zinc (as well as other trace elements) in coal ash. 

D. L. Tsalev, T. A. Dimitrov, P. B. Mandjukov, Study of vanadium)V) as a chemical modiPer in electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 5 (1990), 189D194. 

P. Bermejo Barrera, T. Pardinas Alvite, M. C. Barciela Alonso, A. Bermejo Barrera, J. A. Cocho de Juan, J. M. Fraga Bermudez, Vanadium determination in milk by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization using hot injection and preconcentration on the graphite tube, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 15 (2000), 435-439. 

Alvarado, J., Leon, L.E., Lopez, F., Lima, C. Comparison of conventional and microwave wet acid digestion procedures for the determination of iron, nickel and vanadium in coal by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3, 135-138 (1988)... 

A number of analytical techniques have been used to determine ppm to ppt levels of vanadium in biological materials. These include neutron activation analysis (NAA), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), spectrophotometry, isotope dilution thermal ionization-mass spectrometry (IDMS), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Table 6-1 summarizes the analytical methods for determining vanadium in biological materials. 

Many of the analytical methods for detecting vanadium in biological samples have also been used to measure vanadium in environmental samples. They are detailed in Table 6-2. These include GFAAS, spectrophotometry, IDMS, and ICP-AES. Other techniques employed for measuring vanadium in environmental samples are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and direct current plasma- atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES). The most widely used methods utilize some modification of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In general, similar methods are employed for preparation and clean up of environmental and biological samples prior to quantification of vanadium (see Section 6.1). 

Bishop JKB (1990) Determination of barium in seawater using vanadium/silicon modifier and direct injection graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 62 553—557. 

Physical methods utilizing neutron activation, atomic emission spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and adsorptive inverse voltammetry are presently used. Neutron activation determination seems to be the most reliable method for the analytical determination of vanadium in biological specimens taken from occupationally nonexposed and exposed people (Allen and Steinnes, 1978 Glyseth et al., 1979). In... 

Apostoli, P., Alessio, L, Dal Farra, M. and Fabbri, P.L (1988). Determination of vanadium in urine by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite tube pre-heating, J. Anal. Atomic Spectr., 2, 471. 

Buchet, J.P., Knepper, E. and Lauwerys, R. (1982), Determination of vanadium in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 13S, 243. 

Analytical methods applied to estimate oxygen in alkali metals are the fast neutron activation for lithium oxide in lithium, vacuum distillation of excess alkali metal and analysis of the residue by atomic absorption spectrometry to estimate oxygen in sodium, as well as in the heavier alkali metals. Equilibration of oxygen between getters such as vanadium, liquid alkali metals and solid electrolyte oxygen meters, can be applied in several alkali metals. They measure oxygen activities directly in alkali metal circuits or closed containers. 

Muzzarelli, R.R.A. and Rocchetti, R. 1974. The determination of vanadium in sea water by hot graphite atomic absorption spectrometry on chitosan after separation from salt. Anal. Chim. Acta 70 283-289. Muzzarelli, R.A.A. and Tanfani, F. 1985. The A-permethylation of chitosan and the preparation of A-trimethyl... 

Annual Book ofASTM Standard, ATSM-D5863 (2000), Standard test method for determination of nickel, vanadium, iron and sodium in crude oils and residual fuels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohockm, PA. 

Bermejo-Barrera, P., Pita-Calvo, C., Bermejo-Marinez, F., (1991), Simple preparation procedures for vanadium determination in petroleum by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothemal atomization. Anal. Lett., 24,447-458. 

Brandas, C.P., de Campos, R.C., de Castro E.V.R., de Jesus H.C. (2007), Direct determination of copper, iron and vanadium in petroleum by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 62,962-969. 

Damin, I.C.F., Vale, M.C.R., Silva, M.M., Welz, B., Lepri, F.C., Santos, W.N.I., Ferricira, M., (2005), Palladium as chemical modifier for the stabilization of volatile nickel and vanadium compoxmds in crude oil using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.. Anal. At Spectrom. 20,1332-1336. 

Dittert, I.M., Silva, J.S.A., Araujo, R.G.O., Curtius, A.J., Welz, B., Becker-Ross, H., (2010), Simultaneous determination of cobalt and vanadium in imdiluted crude oil using high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. /, Anal. At. Spectrom. 25, 590-595. 

Fabec, J.L., Ruschak, M.L., (1985), Determination of nickel, vanadium and sulphur in crude and heavy crude fractions by inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 57,1853-1863. 

Guidr, J.M., Snddon, J., (2002), Fate of vanadium determined by nitrcais oxide-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry in unburned and burned Venezuelen crude oil, Microchem.., 73, 363-366. 

Lepri, F.G., Welz, B., Borges, D.L.G., Silva, A.F., Vale, M.G.R., Heitmann, U., (2006), Speciation analysis of volatile and nonvolatile vanadium compounds in Brazilian crude oils using high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 558,195-200. 

Nakamoto, Y., Ishimaru, T., Endo, N., Matsusaki, K, (2004), Determination of vanadium in heavy oils by atomic absorption spectrometry using graphite furnace coated with tungsten. Anal. Sci. 20, 739-741. 

Thomaidis, N.S., Piperaki, E.A., (19%), Comparison of chemical modifiers for the determination of vanadium in water and oil samples by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst. 121,111-117. 

Silva, W. G. P. de, Campos, R. C., and Miekeley, N. (1998). A simple digestion procedure for the determination of copper, molybdenium, and vanadium in plants by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and mass inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 31(6), 1061. 

Several analytical methods are available for the routine determination of trace elements in crude oil, some of which allow direct aspiration of the samples (diluted in a solvent) instead of the time-consuming sample preparation procedures such as wet ashing (acid decomposition) or flame or dry ashing (removal of volatile/combustible constituents). Among the techniques used for trace element determinations are flameless and flame atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry (ASTM Test Method D5863, Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and inductively-coupled argon plasma spectrophotometry [ASTM Test Method D5708, Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, and Iron in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Inductively-Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission Spectrometry]. ICP has an... 

Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ... 

Atomization of the sample is usually facilitated by the same flame aspiration technique that is used in flame emission spectrometry, and thus most flame atomic absorption spectrometers also have the capability to perform emission analysis. The previous discussion of flame chemistry with regard to emission spectroscopy applies to absorption spectroscopy as well. Flames present problems for the analysis of several elements due to the formation of refractory oxides within the flame, which lead to nonlinearity and low limits of detection. Such problems occur in the determination of calcium, aluminum, vanadium, molybdenum, and others. A high-temperature acetylene/nitrous oxide flame is useful in atomizing these elements. A few elements, such as phosphorous, boron, uranium, and zirconium, are quite refractory even at high temperatures and are best determined by nonflame techniques (Table 2). 

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