Interactions atmosphere

Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions. To determine how the ocean responds to a C02-induced climate forcing, it will be necessary to develop a combined ocean and atmospheric general circulation model. It will take 10-20 years to develop a model with appropriate chemistry and biology to the level of confidence necessary to make valid projections. In the interim, two approaches can be pursued in parallel with this model development. 

Fig. 7-11 Compilation of the most important photochemical processes in the atmosphere, including estimates of flux rates expressed in moles per year between the earth s surface and the atmosphere and within the atmosphere. (Modified with permission from P. J. Crutzen, Atmospheric interactions - homogeneous gas reactions of C, N, and S containing compounds. In B. Bolin and R. Cook (1983). "The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions," pp. 67-112, John Wiley, Chichester.)...

Betts R, Cox P, Collins M, Harris P, Huntingford C, Jones D. The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2004. 78(1) pp. 157-175. doi 10.1007/s00704-004-0050-y... 

The saturated soils that occur during wetland, or lowland, rice cultivation give rise to a set of physical, chemical, and biological properties that are quite different from upland soils. Rice is the only major row crop produced under flooded-soil conditions and the absence of air-filled pores along with reduced soil-atmosphere interactions result in an almost entirely different set of processes than those occurring in upland cropping systems. 

Biogeochemists are working to construct numerical models that include all of these interlinked feedbacks to explain how the chemistry of seawater has changed over time in response to various forces, including tectonism, biological activity, ocean-atmosphere interactions, crustal weathering, and river runoff To incorporate all of these linkages into a numerical multielemental model of seawater is very complex because most of... 

Crutzen, P. J., Atmospheric Interactions—Homogeneous Gas Reactions of C, N, and S Containing Compounds, in The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions (B. Bolin and R. B. Cook, Eds.), Chap. 3, pp. 67-114, Wiley, New York, 1983. 

Pollutant Potential perturbation Potential atmospheric interactions... 

Bush, A. B. G., and S. G. H. Philander, The Role of Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in Tropical Cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 279, 1341-1344 (1998). 

Flanagan, L. B., Ehleringer, J. R. and Pataki, D. E., Stable Isotopes and Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions Processes and Biological Controls, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg (2005). 

Yamagata T. Behera S.K. Luo J.J. Masson S. Jury M.R. and Rao S.A. (2004). Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. In C. Wang, X.-P. Xie, and J.A. Carton (eds), Earth Climate The Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 189-212. 

Density functional theoretical calculations were applied to the formation of internal primary ozonides from three PAHs (pyrene, coronene, and circum-pyrene O Hm) to simulate the atmospheric interaction between ozone and soot. No 1,2,4-trioxolane intermediate was considered in the conversion of the 1,2,3-trioxolane into aromatic epoxides via ring-opened trioxyl diradicals <2005PCA10929>. 

Bums, R. G. Straub, D. W. (1992) Mixed-valence iron minerals on Venus Fe2+-Fe3+ oxides and oxysilicates formed by surface-atmosphere interactions. Intern. Conf. Venus, Pasadena, Abstr., pp. 15-7 [see also EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 73, 332-3 (1992)]. 

The coastal ocean is a dynamic region where the rivers, estuaries, ocean, land, and the atmosphere interact. Coastlines extend over an estimated 350,000 km worldwide, and the coastal ocean is typically defined as a region that extends from the high water mark to the shelf break. 

Coastal ocean a dynamic region where the rivers, estuaries, ocean, land, and the atmosphere interact. 

Andreae, M.O., (1990) Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Mar. Chem., 30, 1-29. 

The impact of atmospheric interactions can be realized by examining the air monitoring data in various cities. Records from Chicago, Washington, St. Louis, New York, Cincinnati, Denver, Philadelphia (8), and wherever air monitoring data are available, show the same evidence of atmospheric interaction as found in Los Angeles. Specifically the 03 and NOo concentrations in all cities tested are well above the levels at which detrimental biological effects occur. 

The examples above illustrate the difficulties and dangers of a myopic approach to air pollution control. What is required is a complete systems approach which takes into account all of the known direct and indirect interactions. Even this approach will have to be modified as new knowledge becomes available. It cannot be claimed, for example, that knowledge of all atmospheric interactions is complete nor that all known interactions have been assessed. Thus our attention has been focused largely on the most obvious and dramatic atmospheric interactions. Other less dramatic reactions also require further assessment. For example, aldehydes absorb sunlight energy and are capable of reactions leading to ozone formation... 

These few examples show the desperate need for further research and assessment in the chemistry and all aspects of air pollution. One might question whether we have knowledge of all urban sources of hydrocarbons that are important to atmospheric interactions. Does all rubber dust from automotive tires remain as dust What is the contribution of asphalt roadways to atmospheric hydrocarbons Is the contribution from such unassessed and other unknown anthropogenic sources sufficient in itself to account for health-damaging levels of ozone These and other questions require immediate attention if we are to realize the goal of effective pollution control. 

In the next section, you will see how gases in the atmosphere interact with the Sun s light. You will also find out about the dangers of gas pollution. 

In this section, you learned how ozone high in the atmosphere interacts with UV light from the Sun. In addition, you learned where CFCs come from, and how they damage the ozone layer. Finally, you saw that the Montreal Protocol is striving to prevent further ozone damage. 

Johnson, K. S., et al. (2003). Surface ocean - lower atmosphere interactions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean gyre Aerosols, iron and the ecosystem response. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles. 17, 10.1029/... 

Volkov V. P., Zolotov M. Yu., and Khodakovsky 1. L. (1986) Lithospheric-atmospheric interaction on Venus. In Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial Planets (ed. S. K. Saxena). Springer, New York, pp. 136-190. 

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