Atlantic climate

Let us divide precipitation into two basic types solid and liquid. This division can be made by means of the thermal principle or by seasons. The thermal principle is preferable due its flexibility in the event of sudden climate change and possible shifting of seasonality. Synoptic division of the seasons that experience different precipitation is justified in various regions of the globe. The average daily temperature at the onset of solid precipitation (snow) is below zero, ranging from —4°C to —7°C. On the border of this division the precipitation of a different type is observed. The relationship between the types of precipitation is described by the formula xT = a — bT, where xT is the share of solid precipitation T is temperature and a and b are empirical coefficients. For the Atlantic climatic zone a = 50 and b = 5. 

Acknowledgments This work has been supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the framework of the project SCHL499-2 and the Sonderforschungsbereich 512 Cyclones and the North Atlantic Climate System . This work is a contribution to COST-728 Action. 

Hood et al. (2001) Modeling analysis indicates significant interannual variability in N2-fixation at BATS variability linked to decadal-scale fluctuations in the North Atlantic climate... 

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Bond G. C., Kromer B., Beer J., Muscheler R., Evans M. N., Showers W., Hoffmann S., Lotti-Bond R., Hajdas I., and Bonani G. (2001) Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294, 2130-2152. 

Waelbroeck C., Duplessy J.-C., Michel E., Labeyrie L., PaiUard D., and Duprat J. (2001) The timing of the last deglaciation in North Atlantic climate records. Nature 412, 724-727. 

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Zahn, R. StOBER, a. 2002. Suborbital intermediate water variabiUty inferred from paired benthic forami-niferal Cd/Ca and 8 C in the tropical West Atlantic and Unking with North Atlantic climates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 200, 191—205. 

Figure 2 Vertical profiles of oceanographic data. (A) North Pacific salinity and potential temperature, (B) North Pacific CFC-11 and CFC-12, (C) North Pacific oxygen, (D) North Atlantic salinity and potential temperature, (E) North Atlantic CFC-11 and CFC-12, (F) North Atlantic oxygen. North Pacific World Ocean Circulation Experiment cruise P17C station 20, 33°N, 135°W, June 1991 North Atlantic Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies cruise station 7, 26.5°N, 76°W, June 1990. (North Atlantic data from Johns etal. (1997) Journal of Physical Oceanography 27 2187-2208 Pacific data from Fine etal. (2001) Journal of Geophysical Research.)...

Albariho must and wine from NW Spain was studied in three different areas from Rtas Baixas AO (Vilanova et al., 2007b Zamuz Vilanova, 2006a). The Rias Baixas was originally made up of three subzones, Val do Saln, O Rosal and Condado do Tea. The Atlantic climate, with... 

The different varieties also seem to have a large diversity in phenolic composition. A study carried out on the principal French red grape varieties cultivated in the Mediterranean or Atlantic climate showed that concentration variations according to... 

A number of current coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models predict that the overturning of the North Atlantic may decrease somewhat under a future warmer climate.While this is not a feature that coupled models deal with well, its direct impact on the ocean s sequestration of carbon would be to cause a significant decline in the carbon that is stored in the deep water. This is a positive feedback, as oceanic carbon uptake would decline. Flowever, the expansion of area populated by the productive cool water plankton, and the associated decline... 

Collins, G. E. and R. T. Matthews, Climatic Considerations in the Design of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers, Heat Transfer Div. Paper No. 59-A-255, ASME, presented at annual meeting Atlantic City, N.J. (1959). 

The synthesis of 1 kg of dry plant biomass requires the evapotranspiration of about 300 L of water, although smaller amounts of water are needed by some plants such as desert cacti. Approximately one-third of the annual continental rainfall (100 cm/yr) is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. Although it accounts for only about 10-15% of global evaporation, plant evapotranspiration can play a major role in local climates. For example, a molecule of water falling on the upper Amazon Basin is recycled on average five times during its eventual return to the Atlantic Ocean. 

The ocean conveyor belt is one of the major elements of today s ocean circulation system (Broecker, 1997). A key feature is that it delivers an enormous amount of heat to the North Atlantic and this has profound implications for past, present, and probably future climates. 

The conveyor belt is shown schematically in Fig. 10-11. Warm and salty surface currents in the western North Atlantic (e.g., the Gulf Stream) transport heat to the Norwegian-Greenland Seas where it is transferred to the atmosphere. This heat helps moderate the climate of northern Europe. The cooling increases the density resulting in formation of the now cold and salty North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) (Worthington, 1970). The NADW travels south through the North and South Atlantic and then joins the Circumpolar Current that travels virtually unimpeded in a clockwise direction around the Antarctic Continent. 

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Bond, G., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S. et al. (1993). Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature 365, 143-147. 

Figure 3.1. Regional variation in 5 C values due to climatic influences as observed in Holocene charcoal samples. Note the north-south climatic trend, combined with an Atlantic-continental trend (west to east).

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