Decadal scales

Figure 18. In the same way as the concentration of protonic charge carriers characterizes die acidity (basicity) of water and in the same way as the electronic charge carriers characterize the redox activity, the concentration of elementary ionic charge carriers, that is of point defects, measure the acidity (basicity) of ionic solids, while associates constitute internal acids and bases. The definition of acidity/basicity from the (electrochemical potential of the exchangeable ion, and, hence, of the defects leads to a generalized and thermodynamically firm acid-base concept that also allows to link acid-base scales of different solids.77 (In order to match the decadic scale the levels are normalized by In 10.) (Reprinted from J. Maier, Acid-Base Centers and Acid-Base Scales in Ionic Solids. Chem. Eur. J. 7, 4762-4770. Copyright 2001 with permission from WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH.)...

Dettinger et al. 2000, Marengo et al. 2001d). These associations are more apparent during the period since the middle 1970s when there were more moderate to strong El Nino events. The variability of NAR and SAR reflects the ENSO effects at interannual scales, and on decadal scales with less rain in... 

Whgner, R. 1996. "Decadal-scale trends in mechanisms controlling meridional sea surface temperature gradients in the tropical Atlantic." Journal of Geophysical Research 101 16683-16694. 

Steinberg, D. K., Carlson, C. A., Bates, N. R.,Johnson, R.J., Michaels, A. F., andKnap, A. H. (2001). Overview ofthe USJGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) A decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry. Deep Sea Res. II48, 1405—1447. 

Hood et al. (2001) Modeling analysis indicates significant interannual variability in N2-fixation at BATS variability linked to decadal-scale fluctuations in the North Atlantic climate... 

Zhang R.-H., Rothstein L. M., and Busalacchi A. J. (1998) Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Nino change in decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature 391, 879-883. 

Ulery A. L., Graham R. C., Chadwick O. A., and Wood H. B. (1995) Decade-scale changes of soil carbon, nitrogen and exchangeable cations under chaparral and pine. Geoderma 65(1-2), 121-134. 

Superimposed on the basic state and its linear trends. Section 5.4, the main part of this chapter, focuses on fluctuations, in particular, on quasi-periodic signals on multiyear- and decadal scales. Such fluctuations are no longer a local phenomenon, they rather posses regional, hemispheric, or even global signatures. Following Defant (1921) and Schonwiese et al. (1994) for the analysis of fluctuations on such timescales, four main mechanisms mentioned below must be taken into account ... 

Except for the war gaps, the time series is fairly complete over the last century. The pronounced seasonal oscillations show a warming trend for both the annual minima and the maxima. Fluctuations on the decadal scale are clearly discernible. More details about the trend and the interannual variability are discussed in Chapter 5. 

MacKenzie, B. R., Bager, M., Ojaveer, H., Awebro, K., Heino, U., Holm, P., Must, A., 2007a. Multi-decadal scale variability in the eastern Baltic cod fishery 1550-1850 evidence and causes. Fisheries Research, 87, 106-119. 

Recent literature on forest response to future climate change emphasizes dispersal limitations (Pitelka et al., 1997 Clark et al., 1998). The review I have presented here suggests that natural dispersal is unlikely to accomplish adaptation to future climate. Competition and stand dynamics are much more important constraints on the decadal scale we need to consider if greenhouse gases continue to accumulate at present rates. 

Linsley BK, Ren L, Dunbar RB, and Howe SS (2000) El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and decadal-scale climate variability at 10°N in the eastern Pacific from 1893 to 1994 a coral-based reconstruction from Clipperton Atoll. Paleoceanography 15 322-335. http // pangea. Stanford. edu/Oceans/ARTS/arts report/arts report home, html... 

Zhang B, Tang Q, Jin X (2007) Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystem. J Mar Syst 67(3-4) 304-311... 

Pike, J. A. E. S. Kemp, 1997. Early Holocene decadal-scale ocean variability recorded in Gulf of California laminated sediments. Paleoceanog. 12 227-238. 

Sinnhuber, B.-M., P. von der Gathen, M. Sinnhuber, M. Rex, G. Konig-Langlo and S. J. Oltmans (2006) Large decadal scale changes of polar ozone suggest solar influence. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 1835-1841... 

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