Haematococcus, astaxanthin from

FIGURE 5.4.3 Production and utilization steps for astaxanthin from Haematococcus. 

Fabregas, J. et al., Two-stage cultures for the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Biotechnol, 89, 65, 2001. 

Hops powder 150 mg hops alpha acids (from hops [humulus lupulus, ieaves, flowers] extract) 10 iU naturai Vitamin E (from 8 mg d-aipha tocopheroi acetate) 0.5 mg astaxanthin (from Haematococcus pluvialis algai extract) 1.8 mg rosmarinic acid (from rosemary [Rosemarinus officinalis, ieaves, flowers] extract) <50% maltodextrin, 10% caicium silicate 6% vegetable stearine... 

Olaizola M. Commercial production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using 25,000-liter outdoor photobioreactors.JApp/ Phycol 2000 12 499-506. 

Machmudah S, Shotipruk A, Goto M, Sasaki M, Hirose T (2006) Extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvial-lis using supercritical CO2 and ethanol as entrainer. hid Eng Chem Res 45 3652... 

KAJIWARA S, KAKIZONO T, SAITO T, KONDO K, OHTANI T, NISHIO N, NAGAI S and MISAWA N (1995) Isolation and functional identification of a novel cDNA for astaxanthin biosynthesis from Haematococcus pluvialis, and astaxanthin synthesis in Escherichia coli . Plant Mol Biol, 29, 343-52. 

Sarada, R. et al. (2006) An efficient method for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. J. Agri. Food Chem. 54,7585-7588... 

The development of a commercially viable algal astaxanthin process requires both an effective closed culture system and a selection (from Nature or via mutagenesis) of strains of Haematococcus with higher astaxanthin contents and abilities to tolerate higher temperatures than the wild strains. 

Kobayashi, M. and Sakamoto, Y., Singlet oxygen quenching ability of astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Lett., 21, 265, 1999. 

Alejung, P. and Wadstroem, T., Oral preparation for treatment of Helicobacter sp. infections comprises xanthophylls, especially astaxanthin esterified with a fatty acid and derived from the alga Haematococcus species, World Patent 9837874, 1998. 

Cordevo, B., Otero, A., Patino, M., Arredondo, B.O., and Fabregas, J. 1996. Astaxanthin production from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis with different stress conditions. Biotechnol. Lett. 18, 213-218. 

Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid produced from microalgae that is produced commercially. Astaxanthin is ubiquitous in nature, especially in the marine environment, and is responsible for eliciting the pinkish-red hue to the flesh of salmonids, shrimp, lobster and crayfish. Cultivation methods have been developed to produce Haematococcus containing 1.5-3.0% astaxanthin by dry weight, with potential applications as a pigment source in aquaculture, poultry feeds and in the nutraceutical area. " ... 

In nature, astaxanthin is usually found either conjugated to proteins (as in the flesh of salmon or in the lobster carapace) or esterified with fatty acids (as in Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae). In contrast, synthetic astaxanthin is produced in the free form. Synthetic, algae-based, and yeast-based (from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) astaxanthins are distinct in their stereoisomeric compositions as well." Synthetic astaxanthin, as well as all three significant natural sources Haematococcus, Xanthophyllomyces, and extracted cmstacean shells), are used widely as feed additives." Human dietary astaxanthin supplements derived from these three natural sources have also been marketed in recent years. " ... 

The antioxidant behavior of astaxanthin has been demonstrated in vivo as well. In Haematococcus algae, astaxanthin is accumulated as part of a stress response, and it is believed to protect cellular DNA from photodynamic damage. This carotenoid also protects lipids from peroxidation in trout and salmon. In chicks, astaxanthin supplementation suppressed the formation of lipid peroxides in the plasma. Significant biological antioxidant effects have been observed in vitamin E-deficient rats fed an astaxanthin-rich diet these include protection of mitochondrial function and inhibition of peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes. In two independent studies, lipid peroxidation in the seram and liver of astaxanthin-fed rats treated with carbon tetrachloride was... 

Salmon farm Wild salmon contains predominantly the (3S,3 S)-enantiomer. In fanned salmon, fed with shrimp bran, which is mainly produced from northern prawn (Pandalus borealis) or with an extract from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, the (3S,3 S)-enantiomer is also the main enantiomer. However, if the astaxanthin comes from the basidiomycetous yeast Phaffia rhodozyma or its sexual form Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, or from the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), the (3R,3 R)-enantiomerprevails. [69]... 

Not all carotenoids are vitamin A precursors - they comprise 90% of carotenoids, nevertheless they are excellent free radical scavengers. Examples are lycopene (in tomatoes) and astaxanthin (Fig. 51.2). The latter is enjoying a reputation as a nutriceutical it is pink and found in aquatic animals, e.g. salmon, shrimp and lobster, and in the alga, Haematococcus pluvialis, from which it is commercially extracted. 

---