Astaxanthin production

Mann, V. et al.. Metabolic engineering of astaxanthin production in tobacco flowers, Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 888, 2000. 

Wang, C.W., Oh, M.K., and Liao, J.C., Engineered isoprenoid pathway enhances astaxanthin production in Escherichia coli, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 62, 235, 1999. 

In conclusion, the case of Phaffia rhodozyma Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) is very peculiar as hundreds of scientific papers and patents deal with astaxanthin production using this yeast and the process has not been economically efficient to date. New patents are filed almost each year, with improvement in astaxanthin yield, e.g., 3 g/g dry matter cited in U.S. Patent 20030049241. ... 

Kobayashi, M., Kakizono, T, and Nagai, S., Astaxanthin production by a green alga. Haematococcus pluvialis accompanied with morphological changes in acetate media, J. Perm. Bioeng., 71, 335, 1991. 

Sarada, R., Usha, T, and Ravishankar, G.A., Influence of stress on astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different culture conditions. Process Biochem., 37, 623, 2002. 

Ramirez, J., Guttierez, H., and Gschaedler, A., Optimization of astaxanthin production hy Phaffia rhodozyma through factorial design and response surface methodology, J. BiotechnoL, 88, 259, 2001. 

Cordevo, B., Otero, A., Patino, M., Arredondo, B.O., and Fabregas, J. 1996. Astaxanthin production from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis with different stress conditions. Biotechnol. Lett. 18, 213-218. 

JOHNSON SCHROEDER Astaxanthin Production in Phaflia rhodozyma 41... 

Meyer, P.S., and Dn Preez, J.C. 1994. Photo-regulated astaxanthin production by Phaffia rho-dozymamuXaaXs. Syst Appl Microbiol 17 24-31. 

Yamane, Y.-L, Higashida, K., Nakashimada, Y., Kakizono, T., and Nishio, N. 1997. Influence of oxygen and glucose on primary metabolism and astaxanthin production by Phtfffia rhodozyma in batch and fed-batch cultures kinetic and stoichiometric analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 4471-4478. 

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