Euphausia superba

Grynbaum, M. D., Hentschel, R, Putzbach, K., Rehbein, J., Krucker, M., Nicholson, G., and Albert, K. 2005. Unambiguous detection of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba... 

Mexico, summer, 1976, soft parts, c/s-chlordane Krill, Euphausia superba, Antarctic Ocean 1980-82, whole ... 

Chitin, the (l-4)-P-linked homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminc is an immense renewable resource in the biosphere. Gooday (1) estimates both its annual production and standing crop to bt of the order of 10 to 100 billion tons. Annual production from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, alone, is estimated to be 5.8 -8.4 million tons. 

Winther, B., Hoem, N., Berge, K., and Reubsaet, L. (2011). Elucidation of phosphatidylcholine composition in krill oil extracted from Euphausia superba. Lipids 46,25-36. 

Ferguson, C.F. and Raymont, J.K.B. (1974). Biochemical studies on marine zooplankton. XII. Further investigations on Euphausia superba. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK 54,719-725. 

Hamner, W.M., Hamner, P.P., Strand, S.W., and Gilmer, R.W., Behavior of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba chemoreception, feeding, schooling, and molting, Science, 220, 433, 1983. 

Mezykowski, T. and Ignatowska-Switalska, H., High levels of prostaglandins PGF2a and PGE2 in antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, Meeresforschung, 29, 64, 1981. 

Pawlowicz, J. M., Identification and quantification of prostaglandins in antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana), Polar Biol., 9, 295, 1989. 

A novel l yR]uzt n in-degradmg enzyme hns been isolated, purified, and characterized from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) [28]. Preliminary investigations show that the enzyme acts as an endo-p-glucuronidase. 

Euphausiids Euphausia superba Dana sp. in situ gut microscopy Sieburth (1960)... 

Euphausia superba Dana 35-45 mm antarctica single cells and colonies < 500 pm incubation experiments Haberman et al. (2003)... 

Greenacre MJ (1984) Theory and applications of correspondence analysis. Academic Press, London Haberman KL, Quetin LB, Ross RM (2003) Diet of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) I. Comparisons of grazing on Phaeocystis antarctica (Karsten) and Thalassi-osira antarctica (Comber). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 283 79-95... 

Johnson, M. A., Macarday, M. C., and Big, D. C. (1984). Respiration and excretion within a mass aggregation of Euphausia superba — impbcations for kriU distribution. J. Cmstac. Biol. 4, 174-184. 

Atkinson, A., Whitehouse, M. J. (2000). Ammonium excretion by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 55—63. 

Ishii, H., Omori, M., Maeda, M., and Watanabe, Y. (1987). Metabolic rate and elemental composition of the Antarctic kriU, Euphausia superba Dana. Polar Biol. 7, 379—382. 

S.J. Newman, W.C. Dunlap, S. Nicol, D. Ritz (2000). Antarctic krill Euphausia superba) acquire a UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acid from dietary algae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol Ecol, 255, 93-110. 

B. Karlstam and A. Ljunglof. Purification and partial characterization of a novel hyaluronic acid-degrading enzyme from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Polar Biol. 77 501 (1991). 

Tokunaga, T., 1977. Formation of dimethyl sulfide in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Nihon suisan-gakkai shi, 43 1209—1217. 

Because phospholipids are typically the other main lipid class found in fish flesh, the leaner the fish and the higher the proportion that phospholipids contribute to total lipids. For this reason, phospholipids comprise almost 90% of total lipids of lean fish such as cod, with TAG contributing as little as about 1%. Due to anatomical and physiological reasons, the amount of structural lipids (phospholipids) varies between 0.3 and 0.5 per 100 g w/w of fish muscle and does not usually exceed 1% w/w. This is most likely the minimum level of phospholipids essential for the cell and organelle membranes, of which they are a major component. Phospholipids are the major lipid class in most Australian fish, and in mollusks and crustaceans, all of which are typically lean (Table 12.3). In contrast to finfish, which tend to store lipid as TAG, an increase in the lipid content of shellfish is usually due to an accumulation of polar lipids (Nichols et al., 1998). This is similar to the case in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba D.), the phospholipids of which serve as storage lipids along with TAG. 

Koiakowska, A., 1988, Changes in lipids during storage of krill (Euphausia superba Dana) at 3°C, Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch., 186, 519. 

Koiakowska, A., 1991a, The influence of sex and maturity stage of krill Euphausia superba Dana) upon the content and composition of its lipids, Pol. Polar Res., 12, 733. 

Koiakowska, A., Koiakowski, E., and Szczygielski, M., 1994, Winter season krill Euphausia superba D.) as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Nahrung, 38, 128. 

Salmon farm Wild salmon contains predominantly the (3S,3 S)-enantiomer. In fanned salmon, fed with shrimp bran, which is mainly produced from northern prawn (Pandalus borealis) or with an extract from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, the (3S,3 S)-enantiomer is also the main enantiomer. However, if the astaxanthin comes from the basidiomycetous yeast Phaffia rhodozyma or its sexual form Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, or from the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), the (3R,3 R)-enantiomerprevails. [69]... 

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