Antarctic krill

Antarctic procellariiform seabirds can smell krill. Antarctic Journal of the USA 29, 168-169. 

Figure 6. Food web in the Antarctic marine ecosystem showing the key position occupied by krill. (Reproduced with permission from reference 45. Copyright 1962 W. H. Freeman and Company.)...

Mexico, summer, 1976, soft parts, c/s-chlordane Krill, Euphausia superba, Antarctic Ocean 1980-82, whole ... 

The preparation of food for consumption, as well as manufacturing of various products from different raw materials, usually involves the application of several discrete unit operations and processes. Many operations, such as washing, trimming, milling, leaching, disintegrating, mechanical separation, and use of membrane techniques, may decrease the natural toxicity of some raw materials by eliminating specific undesirable components. Examples include the removal of most of the fluorine compounds from Antarctic krill... 

Chitin, the (l-4)-P-linked homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminc is an immense renewable resource in the biosphere. Gooday (1) estimates both its annual production and standing crop to bt of the order of 10 to 100 billion tons. Annual production from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, alone, is estimated to be 5.8 -8.4 million tons. 

Another experiment used cod liver oil, crude krill extract, and the krill odor components trimethylamine and pyrazine, with phenylethanol (rose odor) as control. Several procellariiform species were attracted to krill extract. The krill odor components attracted giant petrels, cape petrels, blue petrels, Antarctic petrels, Kerguelen petrels, and black-browed albatrosses. Cape petrels were more attracted to trimethylamine than to pyrazine and cod liver oil hut blue petrels responded most to cod liver oil (Nevitt, 1999). 

Even marine mammals may use airborne odors for food detection. Baleen whales (Mysticeti) feed on krill near the ocean s surface. Oldtime Antarctic whalers noted a krill odor near large schools of krill. Cruising at the surface and inhaling periodically, baleen whales may detect krill odor. Anatomically, they have a well-developed olfactory organ (Cave, 1988), in contrast to toothed whales (Kusnetzov, 1988). 

The most important sulfur heterocycles with a five-membered ring and three sulfur atoms are the diastereomeric 3,5-dialkyl-1,2,4-trithiolanes 6. The dimethyl derivatives (6, R - Me) have been found in various cooked foods, such as mushrooms (41), boiled beef (42) commercial beef extract (43), boiled antarctic krills (44), red algae (45), and several model systems containing a source of sulfur (2,19,29), The diethyl derivative (6, R - Et) was identified by Ledl (33) and by Sultan, with propionaldehyde as the starting material. The dipropyl and diisopropyl derivatives (6,... 

ACE-inhibitory peptides from invertebrates such as crustaceans have been reported. The sequential hydrolysis of defatted Antarctic krill muscle via pepsin and trypsin resulted in an ACE-inhibitory extract. The active peptide isolated from the extract was found to be Lys-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val, showing an IC50 value of 30jiM (Kawamura et ah, 1992). The other crustacean, Acetes chinensis, used the protease from Bacillus sp. 

Kawamura, Y., Takane, T., Stake, M., and Sugimoto, T. (1992). Physiologically active peptide motif in proteins Peptide inhibitors of ACE from the hydrolysates of Antarctic krill muscle protein. Jpn. Agric. Res. Quart. 26, 210-213. 

Hamner, W.M., Hamner, P.P., Strand, S.W., and Gilmer, R.W., Behavior of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba chemoreception, feeding, schooling, and molting, Science, 220, 433, 1983. 

Loeb, V., Siegel, V., Holm-Hansen, O., Hewitt, R., Fraser, W., Trivelpiece, W., and Trivelpiece, S., Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the antarctic food web, Nature, 387, 897, 1997. 

Mezykowski, T. and Ignatowska-Switalska, H., High levels of prostaglandins PGF2a and PGE2 in antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, Meeresforschung, 29, 64, 1981. 

Pawlowicz, J. M., Identification and quantification of prostaglandins in antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana), Polar Biol., 9, 295, 1989. 

Raw shrimp has little odor, but develops a pleasant characteristic roast aroma upon cooking. Antarctic krill is becoming important protein source because of its abundance. Although taxo-nomically different, krill is much like shrimp in appearance and will be treated as small shrimp in this report. Cooked krill, however, possesses a less acceptable aroma compared to shrimp. 

The contents of trithiolanes and dithiazines were larger than that of pyrazines in raw lucens and A japonicus, both of which belong to the same taxonomical group. Conversely, in raw Antarctic krill, alkylpyrazines comprised the predominant part of the volatiles with few cyclic polysulfides also present. The composition of precooked krill corresponded to that of lucens, and that of fermented A. japonicus to raw krill. 

Kawano, M., Inoue, T., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1986) Chlordane residues in krill, fish and Weddell seal from the Antarctic. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 11, 137. 

A novel l yR]uzt n in-degradmg enzyme hns been isolated, purified, and characterized from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) [28]. Preliminary investigations show that the enzyme acts as an endo-p-glucuronidase. 

B. Karlsiam and A. Ljunglof. Purification and partial characterization of a novel hyaluranic arid-degrading enzyme from Antarctic krill [Puphousfe superbo). Polar Biol 77 501 (1991). 

Greenacre MJ (1984) Theory and applications of correspondence analysis. Academic Press, London Haberman KL, Quetin LB, Ross RM (2003) Diet of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) I. Comparisons of grazing on Phaeocystis antarctica (Karsten) and Thalassi-osira antarctica (Comber). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 283 79-95... 

Gasparics, T., Martinez, R.M.G., Caroli, S., Zaray, G. Determination of trace elements in Antarctic krill samples by inductively coupled atomic emission and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem. J. 67, 279-284 (2000)... 

Atkinson, A., Whitehouse, M. J. (2000). Ammonium excretion by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 55—63. 

J. K. McElvoy, A techno-economic model for designing large factory vessels and its application to the Antarctic krill-finfish fishery, in Ref 22, pp. 94—114. 

Soils, sludges, sediments, plants, mussels, serum, urine, hair, plankton, cod, krill, rain water, fresh water, ground water, sea water, ashes, fish oil, waste, cow milk Hair, soils, sediments, sea plants, cockle, milk, whey, water, fish, lichens, clover, cabbage, grass, bone, blood, marble, cellulose, Greenland ice sheet precipitation water, air, water, lake sediment, standard light Antarctic precipitation, rye flour, cotton cellulose, hay powder, Vienna mean ocean water... 

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