Asphalt-based products

Polymeric materials and asphalt-based products have a variety of applications in the construction industry. Some of these applications are as roof coverings. Table 5 shows the various types of related material used as roof coverings. 

For low slope commercial roofing, bituminous-based roof coverings are the most common systems in the United States. Asphalt-based materials predominate over coal-tar based materials in these systems. For residential roofing materials, various types of roofing products, including asphalt, wood, and tile, ate used for both new constmction and reroofing. 

For many years uintaite and other asphaltic-type products have been used in water-based drilling fluids as additives assisting in borehole stabilization. These additives can minimize hole collapse in formations containing water-sensitive, sloughing shales. 

Uses/Sources. Asphalt fumes arise from asphalt used for road construction, roofing, and coating of construction materials and in association with the production of asphalt from petroleum in asphalt-based paints... 

All types of crudes have been used in the production of spray oils. On the West Coast the asphaltic base crudes occurring locally have been generally used, while oils derived from mixed base stocks are now most commonly used east of the Rockies. 

Related Calculations. Use the method given here when making combustion calculations for any type of fuel oil—paraffin-base, asphalt-base, Bunker C, No. 2, 3, 4, or 5—from any source, domestic or foreign, in any type of furnace—boiler, heater, process, or waste-heat. When the air used for combustion contains moisture, as is usually true, this moisture is added to the combustion-formed moisture appearing in the products of combustion. Thus, for 80°F air of 60 percent relative humidity, the moisture content is 0.013 lb per pound of dry air. This amount appears in the products of combustion for each pound of air used and is a commonly assumed standard in combustion calculations. 

Petroleum products are any petroleum-based products that can be obtained by refining (Chapter 2) and comprise refinery gas, ethane, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, gasoline, aviation fuel, marine fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, gas oil, lubricants, white oil, grease, wax, asphalt, as well as coke. Petrochemical products (Speight, 1999a) are not included here. 

Mowat (USA) 2007 Occupational exposure to asbestos from asphalt-based roofing products Asbestos Airborne fiber concentrations (fibers/m )... 

Mowat, F., Weidling, R., and Sheehan, P. (2007). Simulation tests to assess occupational exposure to airborne asbestos from asphalt-based roofing products. Arm Occup Hyg 51, 451-462. 

Product 7A with a pen. 40/50 pure asphalt base and a granulometry identical to that of 7 S/A and 9 S/A does not reach the average performance level of the S/A products. Product 6A with a pen. 40/50 asphalt base, although using crushed material only, produces results scarcely better than the corresponding semi-crushed S/A grades. The S/A semi-crushed formulations give results which meet the standard defined by Setra for surface layers. These test results justify the use of S/A binders... 

The asphalts (hot, warm, semi-warm mixed or cold mixed) used for the construction of asphalt base, binder course and surface layers together with their mechanical and other properties are described in detail in Chapters 5, 6 and 7. In addition, details on their production, laying, compaction and control of quality can be found in Chapters 8 and 9. 

The percentage of RA or RAP used for the production of recycled asphalt is dictated by a number of factors such as (a) type of mixing plant used, (b) usage of recycled asphalt (i.e. surfacing, binder courses or asphalt base) and (c) suitability of constituent materials of the RA. 

Bitumens Another important class of oil-based products is bitumens. Bitumen is a generic term defined by ASTM as a class of black or dark-colored (solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufactured. Bitumens are composed principally of high-molecular-mass hydrocarbons of which asphalt, tars, pitches, and asphaltite are typical. Commercially these are produced from the destructive distillation of coal, crude oils, and other organic matter. Asphalt occurs naturally either in rock or a lake. In the United States the terms bitumen and asphalt are interchangeable, whereas in the United Kingdom asphalt is reserved for the naturally occvuring product and bitumen is the residue from crude oil distillation. It is important to note that the compatibility of various classes of bitumen with other raw materials can vary widely. This can lead, for example, to marked differences in chemical and solvent resistance of the end product. 

Bituminous binders are a crude type of hydrocarbon resin, generally produced as a by-product during distillation of crude oil or coal. Bituminous resins, based on their chemical composition, are categorized as asphalt-based and coal-tar pitch-based products. We will briefly discuss some important bituminous binders used in coatings and related industries. 

Kraft sack paper (60-115 g m ), bleached and unbleached, includes kraft bag asphalt base paper which is used in the production of asphalt paper. 

The energy crisis ofthe early 1970s resulted in an increase in the cost of petroleum-based products. The unpredictability of the sources of oil supplies meant that the quality of asphalt was not consistent. This, in turn, affected the quality of roofing materials. 

In this chapter, we will discuss petroleum products used for energy purposes, that is, motor fuels and heating fuels. Chapter 6 will be devoted to other products such as special gasolines, lubricants, petrochemical bases, and asphalts. 

The major portion of sait is found in residues as these streams serve as the bases for fuels, or as feeds for asphalt and petroleum coke production, the presence of salt in these products causes fouling of burners, the alteration of asphalt emulsions, and the deterioration of coke quality. Furthermore, calcium and magnesium chlorides begin to hydrolyze at 120°C. This hydrolysis occurs rapidly as the temperature increases (Figure 8.1) according to the reaction i. ... 

Simple conventional refining is based essentially on atmospheric distillation. The residue from the distillation constitutes heavy fuel, the quantity and qualities of which are mainly determined by the crude feedstock available without many ways to improve it. Manufacture of products like asphalt and lubricant bases requires supplementary operations, in particular separation operations and is possible only with a relatively narrow selection of crudes (crudes for lube oils, crudes for asphalts). The distillates are not normally directly usable processing must be done to improve them, either mild treatment such as hydrodesulfurization of middle distillates at low pressure, or deep treatment usually with partial conversion such as catalytic reforming. The conventional refinery thereby has rather limited flexibility and makes products the quality of which is closely linked to the nature of the crude oil used. 

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