AS disorder

For strongly structured microemulsions, g is negative, and the structure functions show a peak at nonzero wavevector q. As long as g < 2 /ca, inverse Fourier transform of S q) still reveals that the water-water correlation functions oscillate rather than decay monotonically. The lines in phase space where this oscillating behavior sets in are usually referred to as disorder lines, and those where the maximum of S q) moves away from zero as Lifshitz lines. ... 

In summary, the OP-term introduced by Brooks and coworkers has been transferred to a corresponding potential term in the Dirac equation. As it is demonstrated this approach allows to account for the enhancement of the spin-orbit induced orbital magnetic moments and related phenomena for ordered alloys as well as disordered. systems by a corresponding extension of the SPR-KKR-CPA method. 

Low-dose methotrexate is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis despite side effects such as disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Leflunomide is also approved for this indication, however, hepatoxicity limits its use as first option. 

A compound which displays liquid crystal properties is referred to as a mesogen and said to exhibit mesomorphism. Liquid crystals may be considered either as disordered solids or ordered liquids, and their properties are very dependent on temperature and the presence or absence of solvent. In thermotropic liquid crystals the phases of the liquid crystals may be observed to change as the temperature is increased. In lyotropic liquid crystals the ordered crystalline state is disrupted by the addition of a solvent, which is very commonly water. For these systems temperature changes may also be... 

Soto C Alzheimer s and prion disease as disorders of protein conformation Implications for the design of novel therapeutic... 

We thus see that the RFOT theory provides a rather complete picture of vitrification and the microscopies of the molecular motions in glasses. The possibility of having a complete chart of allowed degrees of freedom is veiy important, because it puts strict limitations on the range of a priori scenarios of structural excitations that can take place in amorphous lattices. This will be of great help in the assessment of the family of strong interaction hypotheses mentioned in the introduction. To summarize, the present theory should apply to all amorphous materials produced by routine quenching, with quantitative deviations expected when the sample is partially crystalline. The presence and amount of crystallinity can be checked independently by X-ray. It is also likely that other classes of disordered materials, such as disordered crystals, will exhibit many similar traits, but of less universal character. 

Here G is classified as order-disorder neutral, whereas in a previous study G was classified as disorder-promoting (Williams et al., 2001). This change in classification arises from very small differences between the disordered data in the two studies. The data then and now are not statistically different from each other neither are the data significantly different between order and disorder for this residue. 

The success of the initial PONDRs based on small databases of disordered protein motivated attempts to improve predictor accuracy. The main limitation for such attempts has been and continues to be the lack of low-noise structural data for both ordered and disordered protein, where noise means ordered regions misclassified as disordered and vice versa. 

Schwann cells are responsible for PNS trophic functions that, in CNS, are carried out by both oligodendroglia and astroglia. Schwann cell diseases usually present as disorders of myelination. Axonal degeneration and diminution in axonal diameter may also occur in primary disorders of Schwann cells, as a consequence of loss of Schwann cell trophic support for axons. (See also Chs 4 and 38.)... 

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei which are components of modular circuits involved in many cortical functions. They have received considerable attention from basic scientists and clinicians alike because of their prominent involvement in movement disorders, a spectrum of diseases including disorders which are characterized by poverty of movement (hypokinetic disorders), as well as disorders characterized by excess movement (hyperkinetic disorders). It has become clear in recent years that most basal ganglia disorders are not restricted to motor disturbances, but involve cognitive and emotional features as well. 

As an ex situ technique for structural information on surfaces, STM is an excellent complement to the standard electron and ion diffraction probes of surface order. The STM method can identify both short range order and long range periodicity, as well as disordered surface layers (e.g., images of sorbic acid on Highly Ordered Pyrolitic Graphite (HOPG), vida infra). In contrast,... 

Al substitution (0.09-0.16 mol mol ) had no definite effect on the photochemical dissolution of substituted goethite in oxalate at pH 2.6 (Cornell Schindler, 1987). On the other hand, Al substitution depressed the initial (linear) stage of dissolution of synthetic goethites and hematites in mixed dithionite/citrate/bicarbonate solutions (Fig. 12.22) (Torrent et al., 1987). As the variation in initial surface area has already been accounted for, the scatter of data in this figure is presumably due to variations in other crystal properties such as disorder and micropores. Norrish and Taylor (1961) noted that as Al substitution in soil goethites increased, the rate of reductive dissolution dropped (see also Jeanroy et al., 1991). 

Psychiatric treatment of new illnesses has accelerated since the 1980s. Whereas psychiatry traditionally had been dominated by a psychodynamic perspective on illness, the field has turned its back on that tradition in favor of predominantly biological definitions of mental illness. Critics of this shift focus their attention on the social factors that have led psychiatrists to the prescription pad. One can only express wonderment at the discovery of so many new brain diseases since 1980. The bible of psychiatric diagnoses, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, has now been revised three times since 1953, most recently in 1994. The first two editions classified illnesses in accordance with the psychodynamic model prevalent at the time. Conditions warranting psychiatric treatment were understood as disorders of the mind. Then, in the 1980s, the language of psychotherapeutic disorder abruptly disappeared and was replaced by... 

Common cold, influenza, recovery period of influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, chronic rhinitis, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, diabetes, peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation and hemorrhoids, skin diseases that are characterized by dryness of the skin lesions, such as disorders of keratinization and senile pruritus. 

An important step in developing the mean-field concept was done by Landau [8, 10]. Without discussing the relation between such fundamental quantities as disorder-order transitions and symmetry lowering, we just want to note here that his theory is based on thermodynamics and the derivation of the temperature dependence of the order parameter via the thermodynamic potential minimization (e.g., the free energy A(r),T)) which is a function of the order parameter. It is assumed that the function A(rj,T) is analytical in the parameter 77 and thus near the phase transition point could be expanded into the series in 77 usually it is a polynomial expansion with temperature-dependent coefficients. Despite the fact that such a thermodynamical approach differs from the original molecular field theory, they are quite similar conceptually. In particular, the r.h.s. of the equation of state for the pressure of gases or liquids and the external field in ferromagnetics, respectively, have the same polynomial form. 

Roehrig, K. L., Carbohydrate Biochemistry and Metabolism. Westport, Ct. Avi Publishing Co., 1984. Carbohydrate metabolism discussed at a rather elementary level. Covers several topics that are not included in this book, such as disorders of carbohydrate metabolism with brief discussions of many types of human genetic diseases in which carbohydrate metabolism is impaired. 

If the liquids are treated as disordered close-packed solids each molecule has, on average, twelve neighbours. Suppose further that there are SN molecules of type 1 and (1— S)N molecules of type 2. From Equation (1.7) it follows that... 

The above conclusion is unfortunate for the case of polymeric solutes, because then-entropies of dissolution are unusually small. The repeat units can not become as disordered as can the corresponding monomer molecules since they are constrained to be part of a chain-like structure. Such disordering is particularly difficult if the chain is stiff. Thus, in this situation dissolution is even less likely. Crystalline polymers are also more difficult to dissolve than are their amorphous counterparts since the enthalpy of dissolution also contains a large, positive contribution from the latent heat of fusion. 

Considerable experimental evidence (1-6,11) suggests that the methylene chains inside of a spherical micelle are almost as disordered as in the bulk liquid state (i.e. they contain a significant proportion of gauche conformers). The FTTR spectra of micellar SDS support this assertion, exhibiting CH2 stretching and scissoring band frequencies which are comparable to those found in the spectra of liquid hydrocarbons (1-6,11). A recent quantitative analysis of the CH2 defect modes of SDS has shown that the disorder of me methylene tails is similar to that found in liquid tridecane (11). 

See, for instance, M. Lax, in Multiple Scattering and Waves in Random Media, P. L. Chow, W. E. Kohler, and G. C. Papanicolaou, Eds., North Holland, 1981, and references therein J. Klafter and M. S. Schlesinger, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 848 (February 1986), and references therein R. Brown, Thesis, University of Bordeaux 1,1987 R. Brown et al. J. Phys. C20, L649 (1987) 21 (1988) in press. (This last work thoroughly discusses the applicability of fractal theory to isotopically mixed crystals as disordered system. Serious criticism is presented both of the analysis of the experimental data and of the fundementals of their description in the present theory of fractals. For this reason we omit all works treated there. 

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