Article 100-Directives

If the apparatus has been type tested and certified (certificate of conformity, control certificate) according to the old article 100 directives, the identification mark of the notified body and the certificate number shall be affixed on the apparatus. In the same way, a component (with a component certificate) shall be marked. 

In addition, the Ex-mark in a hexagon (see Fig. 3.1(a)), in the special case of Group I apparatus complying with the so-called A generation of Harmonized European Norms (HN) completed by an T in a circle, or, for apparatus with a control certificate, completed by an S in a circle (see Fig. 3.1(b)), shall be affixed to all the apparatus tested and certified according to the article 100 directives (see Table 3.6). 

In the following, some examples for marking of explosion protected apparatus are given (the manufacturing companies are fictitious). It is assumed that these apparatuses have been manufactured, type tested and certified under the old article 100 directives (Table 3.6), applicable until 2003-06-30. 

For explosion protected electrical equipment manufactured, type tested, certified and commissioned under the ATEX 100a Directive, the marking described in Table 5.2 shall be added by the marking code given in Table 5.3. The Ex in a hexagon has been taken from the old article 100 directives, whereas the B, C, D or E marks for the generation of Harmonized Norms have been deleted. 

In the manufacture of articles direct from latex it is necessary to stabilise the latex (to prevent premature coagulation) by the addition of protective colloids such as casein soaps, gelatine and proprietary anionic surface active agents. 

Special Category (test 24 hours at 40 °C). Rubber articles directly associated with the consumption of food and which are being, or are expected to be, taken into the mouth, e.g., toys according to Recommendation XLVll, teats, soothers, gum-shields, balloons. 

The particular case of polymer-oligomeric compositions creates new technological possibilities such as the preparation of foamed articles directly at the place of utilization by foaming solutions or pastes at room temperature or sl tly elevated temperatures. It als) leads to a considerable reduction of enei consumption as cOTii ed to traditional processing methods (extrusion, casting and pressing). 

As mentioned above, the dimensions of the samples do not change in the combustion wave. Thus, it is possible to synthesized net-shape articles directly by CS method. This approach is more important for the extremely hard silicon nitride-based ceramics, while h-BN materials are easily machinable. Figure 2.11 illustrates different net-shape articles (tubes, cylinders, screws, blocks, etc.) produced directly in the chemical reactor after minor finishing treatment. 

Irritation testing determines whether the test article will cause irritation to the relevant tissue. Various models are available to test an article, the most common being the intracutaneous reactivity study (IC). In this test, extracts are typically used to inject five 0.2 mL boluses per extract into the skin of rabbits. The injections are usually the size of a mosquito bite. The skin sample area is observed every 24 h for 72 h following the injections and is scored for erythema and edema. The test sites are compared with control sites, and in order for the test article to pass, the difference of the average scores cannot exceed 1. The IC test can also be used with the test article directly if it is small enough to pass through a needle. 

Correlations have been found between certain absorption patterns in the infrared and the concentrations of aromatic and paraffinic carbons given by the ndA/method (see article 3.1.3.). The absorptions at 1600 cm due to vibrations of valence electrons in carbon-carbon bonds in aromatic rings and at 720 cm (see the spectrum in Figure 3.8) due to paraffinic chain deformations are directly related to the aromatic and paraffinic carbon concentrations, respectively. )... 

The direct dissociation of diatomic molecules is the most well studied process in gas-surface dynamics, the one for which the combination of surface science and molecular beam teclmiques allied to the computation of total energies and detailed and painstaking solution of the molecular dynamics has been most successful. The result is a substantial body of knowledge concerning the importance of the various degrees of freedom (e.g. molecular rotation) to the reaction dynamics, the details of which are contained in a number of review articles [2, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41]. 

Many of the fiindamental physical and chemical processes at surfaces and interfaces occur on extremely fast time scales. For example, atomic and molecular motions take place on time scales as short as 100 fs, while surface electronic states may have lifetimes as short as 10 fs. With the dramatic recent advances in laser tecluiology, however, such time scales have become increasingly accessible. Surface nonlinear optics provides an attractive approach to capture such events directly in the time domain. Some examples of application of the method include probing the dynamics of melting on the time scale of phonon vibrations [82], photoisomerization of molecules [88], molecular dynamics of adsorbates [89, 90], interfacial solvent dynamics [91], transient band-flattening in semiconductors [92] and laser-induced desorption [93]. A review article discussing such time-resolved studies in metals can be found in... 

These various techniques were recently applied to molecular simulations [11, 20]. Both of these articles used the rotation matrix formulation, together with either the explicit reduction-based integrator or the SHAKE method to preserve orthogonality directly. In numerical experiments with realistic model problems, both of these symplectic schemes were shown to exhibit vastly superior long term stability and accuracy (measured in terms of energy error) compared to quaternionic schemes. 

The dream of every X chemist is to get that amine function directly on the safrole molecule without having to go thru any intermediate such as the ketone of MD-P2P or the bromine of bromosafrole. But Strike can tell you right now that that is very, very tough (that is why there ain t no methods for it). About the only article Strike has ever found for the actual placement of an amine directly on a terminal alkene (a.k.a. safrole) is the following [79] ... 

This following article was sent to Strike by Osmium and Feck (are they the same person ). It involves the direct addition of azide to a terminal alkene (you-know-who) by the in situ production of the reactant mercury (II) azide from mercuric acetate and sodium azide (please don t ask) [80]. 

The next method Strike has for semi-direct amination is really weird, Strike is really exposing Strike s ignorance of chemistry with this dog. But if one looks hard at the articles cited, the potential is there. The authors came up with this little procedure that produced vicinal diamines out of alkenes [83]. Later they found that if they did a couple of things different, they would end up with a monoamine with the majority product being at the beta carbon. The following is a conjoining of the two paper s experimentals ... 

The following journals are either devoted entirely to articles on mass spectrometry or contain significant numbers of papers on the subject. They are obtainable through direct subscription or through library systems. 

A small amount of particleboard is made with a fire-retardant treatment for use in locations where codes require this material, as in some offices and elevators. Particleboards receive overlay and finishing treatments with ease. Wood veneers, melamine overlays, printed paper overlays, vinyl overlays, foils, and direct grain printing can all be done quite simply. A small amount of particleboard is also made in the form of shaped, molded articles such as furniture parts, paper roU plugs, bmsh bases, and even toilet seats. There is another small increment of particleboard made by the extmsion process. These products are made in small captive operations owned by furniture manufacturers which consume all of this production in their furniture. The extmsion process differs from conventional flat-pressed particleboard in that the wood furnish is forced between two stationary heated surfaces. The mats are formed from one edge and this edge is alternately formed and pushed between the heated platens, which are maintained at a distance equal to the thickness of board produced. This is an old, slow, small-scale process, but is stiU in use in at least one location. 

Eree-sintered articles do not have the same dimensions as the mold cavity because they shrink at right angles to the direction of the preform pressure and grow in the direction of the appHed pressure. 

A furnace is a device (enclosure) for generating controlled heat with the objective of performing work. In fossil-fuel furnaces, the work appHcation may be direct (eg, rotary kilns) or indirect (eg, plants for electric power generation). The furnace chamber is either cooled (waterwaH enclosure) or not cooled (refractory lining). In this article, furnaces related to metallurgy such as blast furnaces ate excluded because they ate coveted under associated topics (see... 

One of the newer and more fmitful developments in this area is asymmetric hydroboration giving chiral organoboranes, which can be transformed into chiral carbon compounds of high optical purity. Other new directions focus on catalytic hydroboration, asymmetric aHylboration, cross-coupling reactions, and appHcations in biomedical research. This article gives an account of the most important aspects of the hydroboration reaction and transformations of its products. For more detail, monographs and reviews are available (1—13). 

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