Arthrobacter

Ar throb acter Arthrobacter paraffineus Arthrography Arthroscopy... 

Arthrobacter hjalinus Pacillus megaterium Butyribacterium rettgeri Clostridium sticklandii Clostridium tetanomorphum Clostridium thermoaceticum... 

Normally amino add synthesis will just satisfy the metabolic demand. In some cases, when the amino add occurs in both biosynthetic and energy production pathways, overproduction of the amino add can take place. This is the case, espedally for L-glutamic add, with Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium and Arthrobacter. 

This approach has been used with a wide variety of organisms, although it is more commonly employed using Arthrobacter simplex, Brevibacterium lipolyticum, Corynebacterium spp and certain strains of Nocardia. 

Typically, sterol concentrations of 3 to 4 g l 1 are used and incubation times of about lOOh. Yields are dependent upon the species and substrates used. Some data relating to the yields of l,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione from various sterols and steroids using cultures of Arthrobacter simplex are reported in Table 9.3. 

Arthrobacter simplex FERM P-4477 3-hydroxy-9-oxo-9,10-sec pregna-1,3,5 triene-20-carboxylic add Mitsubishi... 

C11-C20-OH Alkyloxldes Cn-C20 Arthrobacter sp Brevibacterium sp Corynebacterium sp Micrococcus sp Nocardia sp... 

Cio-C2o-oic C10-C20 Wide range of organisms especially Candda sp, Torulopsls sp, Arthrobacter sp, Corynebacterium sp... 

An extracellular inulin fructotransferase that results in the formation of a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,1 -(3-D-Fru/ [difructose anhydride I (5)] has been purified from Arthrobacter globiformis S14-3,65,66 from Arthrobacter sp. MCI-249367 and from Streptomyces sp. MCI-2524.68... 

Following epPCR and saturation mutagenesis at hot spots, the o-selective hydan-toinase from Arthrobacter sp. DSM 9771 was converted into L-selective variants. The best L-selective mutant showed a value of 20% ee at about 30% conversion, compared to the WT displaying ee = 40% in favor of the D-methionine-derivative. With the help of an appropriate L-carbamoylase, L-methionine itself was produced. This academic/ industrial effort provided several selective hydantoinases of industrial interest (O May, (Degussa-Hiils), personal communication, 2005). 

Hoomaert has studied Diels-Alder reactions of pyridine oquinodimethane analogs generated from functionalized o-bis(chloromethyl)pyridines <96T(52)11889>. The photochemical cycloaddition of 2-alkoxy-3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine with methacrylonitrile gives a bicyclic azetine, 6-alkoxy-3,5-dicyano-2,5,8-trimethyl-7-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,7-diene, in moderate yield <96CC1349>. Regiospecific hydroxylation of 3-(methylaminomethyl)pyridine to 5-(methylaminomethyl)-2-(17/)-pyridone by Arthrobacter ureafaciens has been reported <96MI173>. 

Recently, recombinant biocatalysts obtained using Escherichia coli cells were designed for this process. The overexpression of all enzymes required for the process, namely, hydantoinase, carbamoylase, and hydantoin racemase from Arthrobacter sp. DSM 9771 was achieved. These cells were used for production of a-amino acids at the concentration of above 50 g 1 dry cell weight [37]. This is an excellent example presenting the power of biocatalysis with respect to classical catalysis, since a simultaneous use of three different biocatalysts originated from one microorganism can be easily achieved. 

Several natural polysaccharides are esterified with sulfuric or phosphoric acid. Sulfated bacterial polysaccharides are not, however, very common. One example is a polysaccharide from an Arthrobacter species, which is most probably linked to the proteoglycan and contains sulfated D-galactopy-ranosyl residues. An extracellular polysaccharide from a Phormidium spe-... 

Figure 10 Carboxylafion of indole by whole cells of Arthrobacter nicotianae...

The transformations of a- and p-endosulfan with the elimination of sulfite are carried out by flavin-dependent monooxygenation in Mycobacterium sp. (Sntherland et al. 2002) and Arthrobacter sp. (Weir et al. 2006). 

Quinaldine 4-oxidase from Arthrobacter sp. Rii61a that mediates the hydroxylation of a number of bicyclic azaarenes has been termed an oxidase since oxygen functions effectively as an electron acceptor (Stephan et al. 1996). 

Baitsch D, C Sandn, R Brandsch, GL Igloi (2001) Gene cluster on pAOl of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans involved in degradation of the plant alkaloid nicotine cloning, purification, and characterization of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-hydrolase. J Bacterid 183 5262-5267. 

Boldt YR, Ml Sadowsky, LBM Ellis, L Que, LP Wackett (1995) A manganese-dependent dioxygenase from Arthrobacter globiformis CM-2 belongs to the major extradiol dioxygenase family. J Bacterial 177 1225-1232. 

Chiribau CB, C Sandu, M Eraaije, E Schiltz, R Bradsch (2004) A novel y-A-methylaminohutyrate demethyl-ating oxidase involved in catabolism of the tobacco alkaloid nicotine by Arthrobacter nicotinovorans pAOl. Eur JBiochem 271 4677-4684. 

Freudenberg W, K Konig, JR Andressen (1988) Nicotine dehydrogenase from Arthrobacter oxidans a molybdenum-containing hydroxylase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 52 13-18. 

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