Aromatic polymer compound technology

A full spectrum of licensed petrochemical technologies is featured. These include manufacturing processes for olefins, aromatics, polymers, acids/salts, aldehydes, ketones, nitrogen compounds, chlorides and cyclo-compounds. Over 30 licensing companies have submitted process flow diagrams and informative process descriptions that include economic data, operating conditions, number of commercial installations and more. 

Although probably harmless at the low concentrations used, most aromatic organic compounds pose some risk of cancer or of interference with bodily hormones, but this risk is probably lower than that of skin cancer or wrinkles. New technology allows encapsulation of the active ingredients of sunblockers in tiny polymer bags that keep the chemical agents away from the skin. 

The clean and efficient production of azo dyes is a classical chemistry problem. The manufacture of this industrially important family of compounds is traditionally associated with the additional formation of large quantities of hazardous and colored waste. A method for the construction of both phenolic and amino azodyes has been reported using a polymer-supported nitrite reagent to effect diazoti-zation of aromatic amines (Scheme 2.53) [80]. Waste minimization and operational simplicity, along with improved separation technologies, are key advantages of polymer-supported reagents in this area. 

Current photoresists cannot be used for 157 nm technology, mainly because their transmittance at 157 nm is too low. Although materials with aromatic substructures are quite useful for the 248-nm process, only purely aliphatic polymers are employed in the current 193 nm technology. For an illuminating wavelength of 157 nm, even the absorptivity of most aliphatic compounds is too high. Therefore, only partially fluorinated polymers with absorption characteristics carefully optimized by experiment [10] and molecular modeling [11] can be used. The solubility switch after illumination is usually achieved by addition of a photo-activatable super-acid (e.g. a diaryl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate) [12], which typically cleaves an add-labile tert-butyl ester in the polymer (Scheme 4.9). 

Aromatic compounds have not only been of academic interest ever since organic chemistry became a scientific discipline in the first half of the nineteenth century but they are also important products in numerous hydrocarbon technologies, e.g. the catalytic hydrocracking of petroleum to produce gasoline, pyrolytic processes used in the formation of lower olefins and soot or the carbonization of coal in coke production [1]. The structures of benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be found in many industrial products such as polymers [2], specialized dyes and luminescence materials [3], liquid crystals and other mesogenic materials [4]. Furthermore, the intrinsic (electronic) properties of aromatic compounds promoted their use in the design of organic conductors [5], solar cells [6],photo- and electroluminescent devices [3,7], optically active polymers [8], non-linear optical (NLO) materials [9], and in many other fields of research. 

PET reactions of benzylic silanes with polycyano-aromatic compounds have been applied to photoresist and electron-beam resist technologies. "" The photoreaction of poly(4-trimethylsilyl-methylstyrene) in benzene-acetonitrile with DCB affords insoluble polymer via photo-cross-linking, which contains 4-cyanophenyl-methyl groups. In the case of 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene, soluble 2,4,5-tricyanophenylmethyl-substituted polystyrene is produced. But,... 

Abstract This chapter describes the production of cis-3,5-cyclohexadiene-l,2-diol (DHCD) from aromatic compounds, their polymerization into poly(p-phenyelene) (or PPP), and the properties and applications of the polymer. Large-scale synthesis of DHCD has been demonstrated, and DHCD is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in chemical industries for polymer productions. Recent study including different types of dioxygenases, strain development by recombination, and genetical modification were done to develop the process technology for commercialization of this new polymer and chemical intermediates. 

Yarmukhamedova et al. in Chapter 7 of this volume investigate chemical physics properties of a class of aromatic compounds (diketocarboxylic acids) on the radical initiation properties of an initiator compound used in a polymerization reaction system. Thus as Yarmukhamedova et al. describe, the influence of aromatic diketocarboxylic acids on the decomposition initiator of radical polymerization - azobisisobutyronitrile was studied by U V spectroscopy. The interaction occurs with the participation of carboxyl groups of diketocarboxylic acids with nitrile groups of the initiator. It is shown that polymer obtained in the presence of aromatic diketocarboxylic acids has mainly a syndiotactic structure. And thus such work as that reported here by Yarmukhamedova et al. advances our imderstanding of the synthesis and properties of technologically important classes of radical polymerization polymers. 

A large number of aromatic chemicals and organohalogen compounds released from anthropogenic sources into the environment are recognized as harmful and persistent contaminants. The removal of these HOCs from water and wastewater has been and still is central to research in environmental science and technology. One of the major approaches is sorption technology using appropriate sorbents such as activated carbon, siliceous materials, alumina, zeolite, and synthetic resins [3]. In recent years, sorption behaviors of HOCs by native and chemically modified polymers... 

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