Organic Chemistry since

These useful compounds have played a central role in both theoretical and practical organic chemistry since the 1840s. In 1838 quinic acid [36413-60-2] (1) was oxidized to 1,4-benzoquinone (2) with manganese dioxide (1). 

The structure, and the mechanism of the chemical transformations, of the pseudo ammonium bases which can be obtained from heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts has been one of the most discussed phenomena in theoretical organic chemistry since the first publication in this field by Claus and Himmelmann. These questions have still not been finally decided. 

The addition of halocarbons (RX) across alkene double bonds in a radical chain process, the Kharasch reaction (Scheme 9.29),261 has been known to organic chemistry since 1932. The overall process can be catalyzed by transition metal complexes (Mt"-X) it is then called Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) (Scheme 9.30).262... 

Enyne metathesis is unique and interesting in synthetic organic chemistry. Since it is difficult to control intermolecular enyne metathesis, this reaction is used as intramolecular enyne metathesis. There are two types of enyne metathesis one is caused by [2+2] cycloaddition of a multiple bond and transition metal carbene complex, and the other is an oxidative cyclization reaction caused by low-valent transition metals. In these cases, the alkyli-dene part migrates from alkene to alkyne carbon. Thus, this reaction is called an alkylidene migration reaction or a skeletal reorganization reaction. Many cyclized products having a diene moiety were obtained using intramolecular enyne metathesis. Very recently, intermolecular enyne metathesis has been developed between alkyne and ethylene as novel diene synthesis. 

Catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of prochiral olefins has become an interesting area in synthetic organic chemistry since the first successful conversion of alkyl-substituted terminal olefins to optically active secondary alcohols (>94% ee) by palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation in the presence of chiral monodentate phosphine ligand (MOP, 20). The introduced silyl group can be converted to alcohol via oxidative cleavage of the carbon-silicon bond (Scheme 8-8).27... 

Cooking is an applied form of organic chemistry, since the molecules in the food occur naturally. We heat the food because the reactions occurring in, say, a pie dish require energy and an oven is simply an excellent means of supplying large amounts of energy over extended periods of time. 

As an extension of the Heck reaction, Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes and alkenes continnes to attract high level of research interest in simple couphng processes and in cyclization reactions. The use of this type of transformation as part of a domino reaction will be of increasing interest. The research in the field of domino reactions is attracting considerable attention in synthetic organic chemistry since it enables the rapid assembly of complex molecirles in one-pot processes. Very elegant examples of palladium-catalyzed cascade processes where a single catalytic cycle entails several sequential bond transformations have been recently reported [la, b, 2a, b, c]. 

However, for a whole century the chemistry of the isocyanides remained as a rather empty part of organic chemistry, since they were not yet easily available, and furthermore they had a very unpleasant smell. At that time, only 12 isocyanides had been prepared and only a few of their reactions had been investigated. ... 

Metathesis has been the most useful reaction in synthetic organic chemistry since the mid-1990s. In this reaction, bond fission of a double bond occurs and a new double bond is simultaneously formed ... 

But these disulfides 1 do not substitute for sulfur monochloiide, and so S2CI2 has ranked among the best sulfur transfer reagents in inorganic and organic chemistry since its discovery in the late 1800s (1860LA266). 

Accompanying this article, Tidwell has contributed a summary of the development of free radical chemistry from the work of Gomberg through the year 2000. Free radicals have been featured in Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry since Volume 1, and all of the chapters in the current volume deal with this topic to some degree. 

The alkylltlhium compounds are usually colorless, soluble in organic solvents, and capable of distillation or sublimation. They are nonelec -trolyies and are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry, since, like other lithium compounds, they resemble in their properties the corresponding magnesium compounds. 

Filtration by means of suction is generally employed where possible in the operations of organic chemistry, since more rapid and more complete separation of the mother liquor is in this way effected. For this purpose several types of apparatus are in use. For large quantities of material the Buchner funnel and flask (Fig. 27) are used, the filter paper being cut... 

Leonid Belen kii was born in Moscow, and he graduated from M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1953 with Professor A. P. Terentiev as supervisor in organic chemistry. Since 1955, he has worked as junior, senior (since 1966), and leading scientist (since 1988) at N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, where he obtained his Ph.D. degree (1963) under the direction of Professor Ya. L. Gol dfarb and his Degree of Dr. Chem. Sci. (1974) and rank of Professor in Chemistry (1991). His scientific interests include all aspects of chemistry of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds, particularly electrophilic substitution in benzene, thiophene, furan, and azole series as well as organosulfur chemistry. 

In the last 27 years, tremendous progress has been made in this field of organic chemistry. Since the area is broad and the subject quite complex, no attempt has been made to present comprehensive coverage of the related literature. Instead, the authors of this review attempt to describe electrophilic reactions of fluoroolefins with particular stress on the mechanistic and synthetic aspects, to make it as comprehensive as possible in the main types of electrophilic reactions and to give the most important examples. Inevitably, this approach has left out some material and we offer in advance our regrets to all whose work was omitted. 

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