Areas of attention

Labour Inspectorate, U.D.C. 66.013/614.8.002. Processing Plants Checklist Areas of Attention for a Safe Design. Second Edition, Dutch Director General of Labor, Voorburg, The Netherlands, 1989. 

Data transfers, in floating point engineering units or in status states, are requested by the expert system. Thus the distributed system does not transmit all measurements and alarms on a fixed scan basis, but rather the process data are accessed as required for inference. In a sense, the expert system is acting like an expert operator, who focuses attention or scans the process operation selectively, using expertise to determine specific areas of attention. 

Table 8.1 summarises many of the themes and schemes highlighted in this volume. It is not a complete rendering of all the concepts discussed but it does serve as a marker of areas of attention and achievement. 

One area of attention is the potential formation of a gas cartel similar to OPEC. Concern for maintaining a secure supply of reasonably priced natural gas, which until now has taken a back seat to its oil sister, will increasingly be viewed as a vital national interest. In the past, gas users have feared interruption in vital gas supplies for a variety of reasons such as contract disputes between Algeria and its customers (see Hayes, 2006), to political unrest in Indonesia (see von der Mehden and Lewis, 2006) to transit country risk such as Ukraine and Belarus for Russian exports (see Victor and Victor, 2006). In addition to supply interruption fears, major gas-consuming countries or regions worry that a key exporter such as Russia (to Europe) or group of exporters could exercise monopoly power to extract inflated rents for their product. 

Another important area of analytical chemistry, which receives some attention in this text, is the development of new methods for characterizing physical and chemical properties. Determinations of chemical structure, equilibrium constants, particle size, and surface structure are examples of a characterization analysis. 

N). This area of the process has received considerable attention in recent years as companies strive to improve efficiency and reduce waste. Patents have appeared describing addition of SO2 to improve ion-exchange recovery of vanadium (111), improved separation of glutaric and succinic acids by dehydration and distillation of anhydrides (112), formation of imides (113), improved nitric acid removal prior to dibasic acid recovery (114), and other claims (115). 

Two newer areas of implantation have been receiving attention and development. Focused ion beams have been iavestigated to adow very fine control of implantation dimensions. The beams are focused to spot sizes down to 10 nm, and are used to create single lines of ion-implanted patterns without needing to create or use a mask. Although this method has many attractive features, it is hampered by the fact that the patterning is sequential rather than simultaneous, and only one wafer rather than many can be processed at any one time. This limits the production appHcations of the technique. 

Dry dense medium (pneumatic fluidized-bed) separation has been used, but has not received wide attention by the industry. An area of promise for future development is the use of magnetically stabilized dense medium beds by using ferro or magnetic fluids (2,10). Laboratory and pilot-scale units such as Magstream are available. In this unit, material is fed into a rotating column of water-based magnetic fluid. Particles experience centtifugal forces and... 

The antimicrobial activity of this class of compounds was first reported ia 1943 (1) and this finding was described iadependendy four years later (2). After iavestigation of several derivatives, it was concluded that the 5-nitro function was responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity (3). These preliminary findings focused attention on this area of research and as a result, several thousand nitrofurans have been prepared, and thousands of articles have been prepared, and thousands of articles have been pubUshed describiag the extensive efforts ia these areas. 

Fluorine and phosphorus occasionally appear attached to, or as part of, heterocyclic rings. However, very little systematic attention has been paid to them, in the area of the azines,... 

Environmental Requirements Vlost large modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be giv en to the problem of blowing papers. Windscreens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of type, the station should be designed and constructed so that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. 

Protection of the amide — NH is an area of protective group chemistiy that has received little attention, and as a consequence few methods exist for amide — NH protection. Most of the cases found in the literature do not represent protective groups in the true sense, in that the protective group is often incoiporated as a handle to introduce nitrogen into a molecule rather than installed to protect a nitrogen which at some later time is deblocked. For this reason many of the following examples deal primarily with removal rather than with both formation and cleavage. 

In the present section, attention will focus on the size of fragments created in a violent fragmentation event. The objective will be to explore some theoretical ideas which appear important to the dynamic fragmentation process. The two underlying phenomena that have dominated theoretical efforts in this area of dynamic fracture mechanics are the presence of an inherent flaw structure, and energy balance in the fracture process. 

Nodal points of the platform require special attention for corrosion protection. Therefore the anodes have to be installed in the vicinity of these points, as indicated in Fig. 16-4. The spacing must be sufficiently large that the welded Joints of the nodes do not lie in the area of the lap Joints. The effort for calculating the optimal distribution with the lowest weight of anodes is considerable and has led to computer programs by which the anode distribution can be estimated [11]. 

Apart from the application of XPS in catalysis, the study of corrosion mechanisms and corrosion products is a major area of application. Special attention must be devoted to artifacts arising from X-ray irradiation. For example, reduction of metal oxides (e. g. CuO -> CU2O) can occur, loosely bound water or hydrates can be desorbed in the spectrometer vacuum, and hydroxides can decompose. Thorough investigations are supported by other surface-analytical and/or microscopic techniques, e.g. AFM, which is becoming increasingly important. 

Prompt attention to, and covering of, damaged or perforated areas of skin. 

The MWCNTs are per se virtually by-product-free and the potential for large-scale synthesis is considerable. However, the Hyperion MWCNTs appear to be rather entangled [22]. Nevertheless the patent [22] covers a wide area of MWCNTs and requires attention in the context of commercialisation. 

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