Arabia

Crude oils appear as liquids of varying viscosities. Their color can range from green (crude from Moonie, Australia) to dark brown (crude from Ghawar, Saudi Arabia). They can have an odor of hydrogen sulfide, turpentine or simply hydrocarbon. 

Within the same geographicai region, the crude specific gravity varies from one reservoir to another, in Saudi Arabia, for example, the crude from the Ghawar field has an average standard specific gravity on the order of 0.850 (34° API) while the specific gravity of the crude from the nearby Safaniyah field is 0.893 (27° API). 

R. Sailor, presentation at Chiyoda Fomm, Saudi Arabia, 1993. 

Chlorine cannot be stored economically or moved long distances. International movements of bulk chlorine are more or less limited to movements between Canada and the United States. In 1987, chlorine moved in the form of derivatives was 3.3 million metric tons or approximately 10% of total consumption (3). Exports of ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride monomer, poly(vinyl chloride), propylene oxide, and chlorinated solvents comprise the majority of world chlorine movement. Countries or areas with a chlorine surplus exported in the form of derivatives include Western Europe, Bra2il, USA, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. Countries with a chlorine deficit are Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Vene2uela, South Africa, Thailand and Japan (3). 

In most of the rest of the world the olefins industry was originally based on naphtha feedstocks. Naphtha is the dominant olefins feedstock in Europe and Asia. In the middle 1980s several large olefins complexes were budt outside of the United States based on gas Hquids feedstocks, most notable in western Canada, Saudi Arabia, and Scotiand. In each case the driving force was the production of natural gas, perhaps associated with cmde oil production, which was in excess of energy demands. 

Most architectural fabrics are usually flexible composites comprised of glass fibers coated with fluorocarbons to resist wind, mechanical forces, and outdoor environmental degradation. The airport terminal in Saudi Arabia, and the roofs for the Hubert Humphrey Dome in Minneapolis and the Tokyo Dome Stadium are a few examples of the successful use of architectural fabrics. 

Hydrocarbons were first used in the field of medicine by the Romans. Bitumen was used in ancient Mesopotamia as mortar for bricks, as a road constmction material, and to waterproof boats. Arabia and Persia have a long history of producing oil. 

The most important commercial use of ethane and propane is in the production of ethylene (qv) by way of high temperature (ca 1000 K) thermal cracking. In the United States, ca 60% of the ethylene is produced by thermal cracking of ethane or ethane/propane mixtures. Large ethylene plants have been built in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and England based on ethane recovery from natural gas in these locations. Ethane cracking units have been installed in AustraHa, Qatar, Romania, and Erance, among others. 

Cyclohexane is present in all cmde oils in concentrations of 0.1—1.0%. The cycloparaffinic cmde oils, such as those from Nigeria and Venezuela, have high cyclohexane concentrations, and the highly paraffinic cmde oils, such as those from Indonesia. Saudi Arabia, and Pennsylvania, have low concentrations and concentrations of cycloparaffins in cmde oils from Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana tend to fall in between (see Petroleum). 

The acid content of cmde petroleum varies from 0—3%, with cmdes from California, Venezuela, Russia, and Romania having the highest content. Smaller amounts are found ia U.S. Gulf Coast cmdes, whereas Httie or no naphthenic acids are found ia Pennsylvania, Iraq, or Saudi Arabia cmdes. Typical concentrations are shown ia Table 2. Minor amounts of naphthenic acids are also found ia bituminous oil sands, but these are not economically recoverable. Identification of naphthenic acids ia water from oil-beating strata is being examined as a potential method of petroleum exploration (18). 

The mature Haber-Bosch technology is unlikely to change substantiaHy in the foreseeable future. The centers for commercial ammonia production may, however, relocate to sites where large quantities of natural gas are flared from cmde oil production, eg, Saudi Arabia or Venezuela. Relocation would not offset the problems for agriculture of high transportation and storage costs for ammonia production and distribution. Whereas the development of improved lower temperature and pressure catalysts is feasible, none is on the horizon as of this writing. 

Similar to IFP s Dimersol process, the Alphabutol process uses a Ziegler-Natta type soluble catalyst based on a titanium complex, with triethyl aluminum as a co-catalyst. This soluble catalyst system avoids the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and thus eliminates the need for removing the isomers from the 1-butene. The process is composed of four sections reaction, co-catalyst injection, catalyst removal, and distillation. Reaction takes place at 50—55°C and 2.4—2.8 MPa (350—400 psig) for 5—6 h. The catalyst is continuously fed to the reactor ethylene conversion is about 80—85% per pass with a selectivity to 1-butene of 93%. The catalyst is removed by vaporizing Hquid withdrawn from the reactor in two steps classical exchanger and thin-film evaporator. The purity of the butene produced with this technology is 99.90%. IFP has Hcensed this technology in areas where there is no local supply of 1-butene from other sources, such as Saudi Arabia and the Far East. 

By far the largest known concentrations of conventional petroleum reserves are in the Middle East, particularly in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait (Table 1). The largest concentration of reserves is in the Burgan field (10.2 x 10 (64.2 x 10 bbl)) in Kuwait (10), which... 

Arabia (10), which is about 18% of that country s reserves. In some regions, a large portion of the reserves may not be contained in the largest field. However, the largest field usually contains more than 10% of the total reserves of a region. More than 20,000 petroleum fields have been discovered worldwide, and more than half of the world s proved reserves of 160.1 x 10 (1006.8 x 10 bbl) of petroleum are contained in only the 51 largest fields... 

Neutral 2one is produced joindy by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. 

Historically, the world s petroleum production pattern can be related to geologic, economic, and pohtical factors. In the past, many countries have had large excesses in production capacity, whereas in the 1990s, only countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates, have, in the short mn, enough excess capacity to expand production of conventional cmde petroleum in any significant manner. In the Middle East, production of petroleum is over five times the region s consumption (see Table 4). On a much smaller scale, Africa produces far more petroleum than it consumes (3.4 times). 

M. P. Thekaekara, "Survey of Quantitative Data on the Solar Energy and its Spectral Distribution," Conference of COMPEES, Dahran, Saudi Arabia, Nov. 1975. 

Balm of Gilead [8022-26-2] also known as Balsam Mecca (Merck No. 958), obtained from Arabia and Abyssinia, has been used in perfumery. 

The only new sihcon capacity since the early 1990s is by the Gulf Ferroalloys Company in Saudi Arabia. This plant is expected to have four furnaces and produce silicon metal, ferrosihcon, sihcomanganese, and manganese alloys by late 1996. 

In 1994, there were approximately six to seven dozen companies producing shicon in about 30 different Western countries, together employing several hundred furnaces. Nameplate Western world ferrosihcon capacity was estimated at 1,830,000 t of contained shicon. The effective capacity in 1994 was estimated at 1,450,000 t of contained shicon. There has been a definite shift in ferrosihcon capacity and trends for new plants and expansions are outside of the traditional supply areas. Since 1992, new capacity has been added in South Africa, Venezuela, Iran, and Bhutan. Additional plants near completion in Iran and Saudi Arabia are scheduled to start in 1996. The Western world ferrosihcon supply is expected to increase by about 150,000 t/yr of contained shicon by the year 2000 (27). 

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