South Arabia

Green, A. A. (1967). The protection of dried sea lisb in South Arabia from irlestation hy fJcrHijf.vJc.t frischii Kug, J. Siorrsl Paul Res. 2, 331-350. 

Jabir ibn Hayyan, known in the West as Geber, was a Shiite Muslim. This branch of Islam was known for valuing direct, inner experience of the spiritual and for its symbolic interpretation of the Qur an, in contrast to the Sunnis who interpreted the Qur an literally as truth to be obeyed.53 Geber belonged to a branch of the Azd tribe from south Arabia that lived in Kufa, on the banks of the Euphrates, and practiced Sufism. He may have known Greek and was a well-read scholar who authored original works in diverse subjects, including mathematics, astronomy and alchemy. 

The warm interglacial period that followed the Snap Ice Age also drew Semitic speaking peoples from the Ethiopian Highlands back to the Near East and Asia Minor. These were now nomadic sheep and goat herders and their routes to Canaan passed through Egypt, South Arabia and Sumer. 

Although the Sabians of Yemen are quite distinct from the Sabians of Harran, there are many reasons to consider a strong connection between the two groups. The Sabians of Yemen claim to have derived from the prosperous city of Ma rib in South Arabia. Many Arab tribes at the time of Mohammed claimed they took to the desert when their old and wealthy civilization in South Arabia declined. They were the Musri, which we discussed in Chapter 5. 

This region in South Arabia was Saba to the Israelites and pronounced ShebaSaba or Tsaba referred to an Arab version of Hindu Brahmaism. Tsaba, in Sanskrit, means Assembly of the Gods. The name... 

A. Lemaire, The Queen of Sheba and the Trade Between South Arabia and Judah, in Ben Ever La Arav Contacts between Arabic Literature andjewish Literature in the Middle Ages and Modem Times, Volume 6 A Collection of Studies Dedicated to Prof. Yosef Tobi on the Occasion of his Retirement, ed. Ali A. Hussein and Aylet Oettinger (Haifa University of Haifa Press, 2013), xi-xxxiv. 

M. Liverani, Early Caravan Trade between South-Arabia and Mesopotamia, Yemen 1 (1992) 111-15. 

Chlorine cannot be stored economically or moved long distances. International movements of bulk chlorine are more or less limited to movements between Canada and the United States. In 1987, chlorine moved in the form of derivatives was 3.3 million metric tons or approximately 10% of total consumption (3). Exports of ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride monomer, poly(vinyl chloride), propylene oxide, and chlorinated solvents comprise the majority of world chlorine movement. Countries or areas with a chlorine surplus exported in the form of derivatives include Western Europe, Bra2il, USA, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. Countries with a chlorine deficit are Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Vene2uela, South Africa, Thailand and Japan (3). 

In 1994, there were approximately six to seven dozen companies producing shicon in about 30 different Western countries, together employing several hundred furnaces. Nameplate Western world ferrosihcon capacity was estimated at 1,830,000 t of contained shicon. The effective capacity in 1994 was estimated at 1,450,000 t of contained shicon. There has been a definite shift in ferrosihcon capacity and trends for new plants and expansions are outside of the traditional supply areas. Since 1992, new capacity has been added in South Africa, Venezuela, Iran, and Bhutan. Additional plants near completion in Iran and Saudi Arabia are scheduled to start in 1996. The Western world ferrosihcon supply is expected to increase by about 150,000 t/yr of contained shicon by the year 2000 (27). 

Worldwide capacity for ethylene oxide should be boosted by ca 2 x 10 t/yr to a total of 11.6 x 10 t/yr by 1995. Projects underway are Hsted ia Table 13. Additions have been aimounced by Union Carbide ia the United States and Canada, Formosa Plastics and Shell ia the United States, BASF ia Belgium (rebuild of an existiag unit), and SABIC ia Saudi Arabia (100,101). Expansions have also been aimounced ia South Korea and India, and may occur ia other countries as well. 

Samsung General Chemicals (South Korea) Saudi Basic Industries Coip. (Saudi Arabia)... 

There ar.i ahoiti IflJ species and varieties, mostly nalivei of India, Arabia, China, and lrO iical regions ol Ihe Old AVorld, where this jasrainc is found in the wild atate, A few occur in Africa and one in South Atnbrica. 

Natural gas has been discovered in many places in the world and many countries have petroleum. The chemical industry has a greater value added than is possible when gas or oil is used for energy. Newcomers are Saudi Arabia, Canada, Mexico, South American countries, former members of the USSR, and Asian countries. In Taiwan the chemical industry is 30% of manufacturing compared to 11% in the U.S. Saudi Arabia has 25% of the world s oil reserves and a good supply of gas. These countries at least enter the chemical business to provide for their own needs. 

Saudi Arabia. Hot water extract of the dried rhizome is taken orally as a stomachic, a diuretic, a carminative, and an antiemetic and used externally as an antiseptic, anesthetic, and astringent . South Korea. Hot water extract of the dried rhizome is taken orally as an abortifa-cient . Hot water extract of the rhizome, together with Bupleurum falcatum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Zizyphusjujuha, and Pinellia tuberosa, is taken orally for tonsillitis, otitis media, tuberculosis, common cold, liver disorders, chills, fevers, and chest pains . 

During the period 2004-05, the world s largest ATS seizures took place in East and South-East Asia (32 per cent), followed by West and Central Europe (25 per cent), and North America (18 per cent). Seizures in North Africa (6 per cent), mainly reflect Maxiton Forte in Egypt. Similarly seizures in the Near and Middle East Region (6 per cent), are Captagon tablets seized in Saudi Arabia and neighbouring countries. 

The year on year increase of ATS seizures in 2005 was particularly pronounced in East and South-East Asia where they doubled and returned to levels reported in 2003. However, they still remained below the levels reported in 1999 and 2000. Stronger increases, albeit from lower levels, were reported from the Near and Middle-East region were ATS seizures showed a 9-fold increase in 2005, mainly reflecting large increases in Captagon seizures in Saudi Arabia during 2005. In southern Africa and in West and Central Africa, ATS seizures rose 5-fold in 2005. The overall ATS seizure levels in Africa are still lower than levels reported in 2001/2002 due to Egypt s decrease in Maxiton Forte seizures. ATS seizures in West and Central Europe declined in 2005. 

The largest national ATS seizures in 2005 were reported from China (23 per cent), followed by the United States of America (14 per cent) and Saudi Arabia (8 per cent). China and the USA seized primarily methampheta-mine, both produced locally or smuggled into the country from a direct neighbour (Myanmar and Mexico, respectively). Saudi Arabia seized primarily Captagon tablets which had been shipped across several borders from South-East Europe. Other large ATS seizures in 2005 were reported by Taiwan province of China (7 per cent), the Netherlands (6 per cent), Thailand (5 per... 

Tooth enamels from Qaryatal-fau in south of Saudi Arabia were dated giving an age of about 2300 + 70 and 1650 + 190 years, while the radiocarbon age was 2130 55 and 1750 150 years, respectively.85 There are many examples of ESR dating of tooth enamel in paleo-anthropology in specialist journals.86,87... 

North America, includingU. S., Mexico, and Canada South America including Trinidad Near and Middle East, including Persia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Bahrein, and Egypt U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe Far East, India, Pakistan, and Burma Western Europe... 

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