Applications of Passivators

Chromates (Cr ) are toxic and carcinogenic and cause a rash on prolonged contact with the skin, and so they must be used with caution and with full regard to disposal requirements. 

Corrosion rates of mild steel as a function of chromate and chloride concentration at various temperatures are shown in Table 17.1 [14]. 

TABLE 17.2. Corrosion Rates of Mild Steel in Sodium Nitrite Solutions Containing Gasoline [18] 

Rotating Bottle Tests Using Pipeline Water, pH 9, and Gasoline 14-Day Exposure, Room Temperature  

TABLE 17.3. Critical Concentrations of NaCI or Na2S04 above which Pitting of Armco Iron in Chromate or Nitrite Solutions Occurs [11Y 

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Three types of anodic protection can be distinguished (1) impressed current, (2) formation of local cathodes on the material surface and (3) application of passivating inhibitors. For impressed current methods, the protection potential ranges must be determined by experiment (see information in Section 2.3). Anodic protection with impressed current has many applications. It fails if there is restricted current access (e.g., in wet gas spaces) with a lack of electrolyte and/or in the... 

Malik, A.S., and Choi, T.S., Application of passive techniques for three-dimensional cameras, IEEE Trans. Cons. Elec. 53, 258, 2007. 

Litten, S., B. Mead, and J. Hassett. 1993. Application of passive samplers (PISCES) to locating a source of PCBs on the Black River, New York. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 639-647... 

Zabiegala, B. Kot, A. Namiesnik, J. 2000, Long-term monitoring of organic pollutants in water-Application of passive dosimetry. Chem. Anal-Warsaw 45 645-657. 

Using the HMDE covered by calomel, Kemula and coworkers studied the oxidation of several other substances [67]. Kublik studied the oxidation of various ions at the HMDE covered by a film of HgO [68]. These electrodes may be used at even more positive potentials than platinum electrodes in the same solutions. Although the mechanism of oxidation at these electrodes is very interesting, platinum and carbon electrodes are more useful in practical work since their properties and stability are not as dependent on the nature of the sample. When using such electrodes at positive potentials, some current due to oxidation of mercury is inevitable. This limits the application of passivated mercury electrodes to rather concentrated sample solutions. 

Table 8.7 Possible application of passive air-purifying materials ...

Active filters use active conditioning to compensate for harmonic currents in a power system. Figure 4.23 shows an active filter applied in a harmonic environment. The filter samples the distorted current and, using power electronic switching devices, draws a current from the source of such magnitude, frequency composition, and phase shift to cancel the harmonics in the load. The result is that the current drawn from the source is free of harmonics. An advantage of active filters over passive filters is that the active filters can respond to changing load and harmonic conditions, whereas passive filters are fixed in their harmonic response. As we saw earlier, application of passive filters requires careful analysis. Active filters have no serious ill effects associated with them. However, active filters are expensive and not suited for application in small facilities. 

Application of Passive Sampling Techniques for Monitoring the Aquatic Environment... 

DiGiano, F.A., D. Elliot, and D. Leith. 1988. Application of passive dosimetry to the detection of trace organics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 1365-1367. 

Mills, G.A., Greenwood, R., Allan, I.J., et al., 2008. Application of passive sampling techniques in monitoring the aquatic environment. In Namiesnik, J. and Szefer, P. (eds), Analytical Measurements in Aquatic Environments, Taylor Francis, London. 

Coutant, R. W. Applicability of Passive Dosimeters for Ambient Air Monitoring of Toxic Organic Compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 410 (1982)... 

Starting from experimental application of passivity, simple metals were investigated at first. Improved techniques yielded a better understanding of ionic and electronic properties at the interface, at first for single crystals. Now an even better understanding is achieved using microscopic techniques of electrochemistry, which reveal the microstructure of passive films. Advanced techniques of surface preparation allow... 

Similarly, application of passive tissue compression on the skin elevates lymph flow rate in a frequency-dependent manner. Lymph flow rates are determined to a significant degree by the local action of the lymph pump, because arrest of the heartbeat and reduction of the central blood pressure to zero does not... 

Significant safety increase in V-392 design as compared to the operating V-320 units is achieved due to extensive application of passive safety means, using natural physical processes, along with the traditional active systems. The IAEA Conference on The Safety of... 

Applicability of passive control systems for the seismic protection of oil refinery components... 

Paolacci F., Giannini R., De Angelis M, Ciucci M, (2010). Applicability of passive control systems for the seismic protection of major-hazard industrial plants. Sustainable Development Strategies for Constructions in Europe and China, 19-20, Rome, Italy... 

The most widely used NDA instruments rely on the detection of nuclear radiation such as gamma rays and/or neutrons. Physical measurement techniques are also used with available instruments that measure heat, weight, liquid volume, thickness, and light emission/absorption. These physical techniques may be applied by themselves, or they may be used in combination with other nuclear measurements to provide quantitative measurements of the nuclear material. The general reference on the theory and application of passive NDA (PANDA) is given by reference (Reilly et al. 1991) and its addendum (Reilly et al. 2007). 

Attached gain, or greenhouse, systems are usually entirely glass with concrete or soil serving as the mass. When properly designed, an attached greenhouse can be used to provide food as well as heat during the winter. A different application of passive solar is the... 

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