Application DNA sequencing

See also Capillary Electrophoresis Overview Clinical Applications. DNA Sequencing. Electrophoresis Overview. Polymerase Chain Reaction. 

Wn, R., 1993. Development of enzyme-ba.sed mediods for DNA. sequence analy.sis and dieir application in genome projects. Methods in Enzymology 67 431-468. 

Beiminghoven, A., "Static SIMS Applications—From Silicon Single Crystal Oxidation to DNA Sequencing, /. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, Vol. 3,1985,pp. 451 60. 

DNA sequences as short as 50-100 bp and as long as 10 kb can be amplified. Twenty cycles provide an amplification of 10 and 30 cycles of 10. The PCR allows the DNA in a single cell, hair follicle, or spermatozoon to be amplified and analyzed. Thus, the applications of PCR to forensic medicine are obvious. The PCR is also used (1) to detect Infectious agents, especially latent viruses (2) to make prenatal genetic diagnoses (3) to detect allelic polymorphisms (4) to establish precise tissue types for transplants and (5) to study... 

There is a normal variation of DNA sequence just as is true of more obvious aspects of human structute. Variations of DNA sequence, polymorphisms, occur approximately once in evety 500 nucleotides, or about 10 times per genome. There are without doubt deletions and insertions of DNA as well as single-base substitutions. In healthy people, these alterations obviously occur in noncoding regions of DNA or at sites that cause no change in function of the encoded protein. This heritable polymorphism of DNA structure can be associated with certain diseases within a large kindred and can be used to search for the specific gene involved, as is illustrated below. It can also be used in a variety of applications in forensic medicine. 

A North American origin for the silverswords clearly emerged from the application of DNA-sequence techniques to members of the alliance and representative Californian species (Baldwin et al., 1990, 1991). The conclusions from these studies, based on chloroplast restriction site analysis were subsequently corroborated by ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA studies. A comprehensive review of these studies can be found in Carlquist et al. (2003). 

J. Versalovic, T. Koeuth, and J. R, Lupski, Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acid Re.K. 79 6832 (1991). 

Monolithic columns, formed from the co-polymerization of divinylbenzene and vinylbenzyl chloride or styrene, were observed to be resistant to bubble formation.11 Application of pressure in electrochromatography, discussed below, also reduces bubble formation. A massively parallel detector capable of scanning up to 1000 capillaries using planar confocal fluorescence has been used for DNA sequencing.1213 Recovery of fluorescence following pho-tobleaching has been used to measure DNA mobility in agarose gel.14... 

Jehaes, E. (1998), Optimization of Methods and Procedures for the Analysis of mt-DNA Sequences and Their Applications in Molecular Archaeological and Historical Finds, Leuven Univ., Leuven. 

Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) is a genomic analysis system that allows identification of alterations in DNA sequence and copy number, with a potential goal of individualized diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy.35,36 A number of reports have described application of a-CGH to DNA extracted from FFPE tissues, with variable results.35,37 38... 

The main applications of CGE are in separating protein fractions and oligonucleotides, and for DNA sequencing. Cyclodextrins have been incorporated into some polymers to introduce chiral selectivity. 

As far as applications are concerned, DNA sequencing has received much attention (see Box 11.3). 

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