Apple codling moth

Mass releases of sterile male insects have produced dramatic reductions in the populations of the Mediteranean fmit dy Ceratitis capitata in California beginning in 1981 when 40 million sterile dies were released weekly and in the codling moth Cjdiapomonella in isolated apple orchards in the Pacific Northwest. 

Diene alcohol (38) is the pheromone of the codling moth, tlie creature responsible for the grubs in apples, and of the various possible disconnections (a) is best as it gives most simplification and a stabilised ylid (39) which will produce the requi red trans double bond. Allylic bromide (40) and aldehyde-ester (41) are available,... 

The estimated cost of protecting apples from codling moth is 25,000,000—it permits marketing a crop with an average annual value (1931-35) of 110,000,000. Without control the crop would be largely unmarketable. 

The widespread use of economic poisons has a definite impact on the animal complex on the face of the earth which provides our sustenance. Already we have seen the use of DDT for codling moth control on apples result in a relatively minor pest becoming a serious threat. The same material used as a wonder spray for fly control now fails, after a couple years of common usage, with the appearance of new, resistant strains of flies. Bees and other pollinating insects as well as helpful predators or parasites may be decimated and their important aid be lost by untimely or improper use of most of the newer insecticides. 

The earwig can be a pest in some situations, but it is also a useful predator, particularly of apple pests such as codling moth and aphids. Earwigs lay eggs in the soil in late winter, which hatch in early spring. There may be a second generation. 

Many sesquiterpenes which are not highly oxygenated are also found in essential oils. Several of these are reported to possess activity. a-Farnesene from apples is an attractant and oviposition stimulant for the codling moth ( ) and farnesol has been demonstrated to be an active feeding deterrent to gypsy moth larvae (Lymontria dispar) (69). 

Housefly Codling moth Light-brown apple moth... 

Espelie, K.E. and Brown, J. J. (1990). Cuticular hydrocarbons of species which interact on four trophic levels apple, Maluspumila Mill. codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. a hymenopteran parasitoid, Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael and a hyperparasite, Perilampus fulvicornis Ashmead. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 95, 131-136. 

Malus domestica (apple) (Rosaceae) codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (apple) (OD-R)... 

Carbaryl is a broad-spectrum insecticide that controls as many as 50 species of insects such as aphids, codling moths, plum curculios, leafhoppers, bollworms, armyworms, and boll weevils but is ineffective against houseflies, certain aphids, and spider mites. It is mainly used to control insects on cotton, apples, pears, and vegetables. Its oral LD50 in rats is 500-700 mg/kg. 

Braconid wasps parasitize leafroller caterpillars, codling moth caterpillars, leafminer caterpillars, mealy apple aphid, green apple aphid. 

NATURE OF DAMAGE. A tunuel Can be seen in the apple which is slightly spiral at the entry point but then leads straight to the core. The edge of the entry aperture turns red. The excrement of the codling moth is moist. 

The apple sawfly larva can be distinguished from the larvae of the codling moth and fruitlet mining tortrix (which occur later) by the number of abdominal legs (eight pairs) and by its bug-like smell. 

Combining different controi methods that are effective against individual stages in a pest s life cycle can boost your success in keeping the pest from damaging plants. The codling moth, a serious pest of apples and other fruit trees, is a good example of a pest that is vulnerable to several types of controls. 

Most likely, some moths will still successfully mate and lay eggs, and some of those eggs will escape the parasites. Fortunately, you can control the larvae that do hatch before they enter the apples by spraying pyrethrin or codling moth granulosis virus at 7-10 day intervals. 

Tunnels to core of fruit Apples and other tree fruits Citrus, figs Codling moths. Oriental fruit moths, plum cucurllos Navel orangeworms... 

Mass trapping works best if your orchard is isolated from other sources of codling moth and other fruit pests (at least 1 mile away from other apple, pear, or walnut trees), since new pests migrate from neighboring orchards. 

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