Glandular secretions

Vertebrates, especially mammals, have evolved a bewildering variety of specialized glands that produce secretions which in turn carry chemical signals, independently of excretions. 

Amphibians have mucus glands over their whole body to provide the mucus needed to keep their skin moist, and fields of granular glands that secrete alkaloid toxins. In addition to these general glands, salamanders possess glands 

FIGURE 3.3 Glands in salamanders, [a) Genial glands on the side of the head of Notophthalmus viridescens (6) diffuse submandibular glands of Taricha torosa  

FI CURE 3.4 Glands in male frogs, (a) Mental gland of Kassinasenegalensis  

FIGURE 3.6 Rathke s glands in turtles and tortoises. Axillary (a) and inguinal (i) pores (gland openings) are shown in Chelonia mydas. (From Ehrenfeld and Ehrenfeld, 1973.) 

---

Drtisensaft, m. glandular secretion. Dfusenschwari, n. Frankfort black (from wine lees). 

Regulates muscular activity and glandular secretion responsible for all activities associated with the mind... 

As discussed in the previous section, all the effects of the ANS in tissues and organs throughout the body, including smooth muscle contraction or relaxation alteration of myocardial activity and increased or decreased glandular secretion, are carried out by only three substances acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Furthermore, each of these substances may stimulate activity in some tissues and inhibit activity in others. How can this... 

Fig. 8.2 Mean response frequency or duration by (a-c) female, F, and (d-f) male, M, L. catta to conspecific glandular secretions, (a) F sniffing all odorants as a function of her reproductive state (breed > non F 3 =28.57, P =0.013 ). (b) F licking labial odorant as a function of the donors reproductive state (breed > non t =3.00, P= 0.58, n.s.). (c) F frequency and site-specificity of scent marking as a function of odorant type Fs counter marked the unscented dowel in response to scrotal scent, but over-marked scented dowels in response to labial scent (ti = 3.87, P =0.030 ). (d) M response as a function of odorant type (antebrachial was sniffed least = 6.75, P = 0.011 brachial was wrist marked most Fs = 7.16, P = 0.009 ). (e) M...

Chemical Study Information Content in Glandular Secretions... 

Probably the best-studied communication behavior in ants is chemical communication, but other sensory modalities, such as mechanical cues, also play an important role in the formation of multicomponent signals in ant communication. Chemical releasers are produced in a variety of exocrine glands, and considerable progress has been made in chemically identifying many of these glandular secretions (for reviews see refs. 1 and 2). In this essay I will not emphasize, however, the natural product chemistry of ant pheromones, but rather concentrate on the proposition that communication in ant societies is often based on multicomponent signals, on nested levels of variation in chemical and other cues, which feature both anonymous and specific characteristics (3). 

Alimentary canal sympathetic dilates, parasympathetic constricts, especially the rectum (see effect of D.F.P. in treatment of post-operative paralytic ileus, p. 196). Furthermore, parasympathetic stimulates glandular secretion. 

Proteins also occur in many excretions and glandular secretions, from turtles to mice and humans. Intensive studies are clarifying their role in signaling. In axillary secretion from hrunan males, the main odoriferous acid, (E)-3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid, (E)-3M2H for short, is bound to two apocrine secretion-binding proteins (ASOBl and 2) of molecular masses 45 and 26kDa, respectively. The... 

Microbial activity can be critical for odor production in glandular secretions. Frequent body contact in social animals ensures sharing of microorganisms, which, in turn, results in a shared group odor. 

The chemical composition of a glandular secretion may vary considerably between species. Very little is known yet on such differences in vertebrates, where known, it is not clear whether the differences are genetically controlled, the result of different diets or other ecological or phenotypical variation, or, finally, a combination of different factors. 

---