Antistatic flame retarders

Ampacet. [Anq>acet] Antistats, flame retardants, stabilizers for i astics. 

Within the technologies of polyethylene terephthalate production, this chapter focuses on nonpolymer modifications. That means, that speciality products based on bicomponent systems (combinations with different polymers), and polymer additives (for anti-pilling, antistatic, flame-retardant, antibacterial and heat resistance properties) are not specifically described. 

Common name Polycarbonate/acrylic alloy, permanently antistatic, flame retardant ... 

The greatest problems during material recycling (depolymerization) arise from the existing additives, that is, antistatics, flame retardants, and dyes. The exact qualitative and quantitative composition of these additives is usually not known to the recycling company. 

Overalls special requirements (flame retardant, antistatic), frequency of laundering Protective clothing suits, spats, armlets, helmets, gloves for specific applications, footwear (industrial and/or antistatic)... 

An electric conductive rubber base containing carbon black is laminated with an electric conductive cover layer of phosphoric acid ester plasticizer and other ionic surfactants to prepare antistatic mats, where the covers have colors other than black. It is also reported that alkyl acid phosphates act as color stabilizer for rubber. Small amounts of phosphate esters are helpful in restoring reclaimed rubber to a workable viscosity [284,290]. Esters of phosphoric acid are used in the production of UV-stable and flame-retarded alkylbenzenesulfonate copolymer compositions containing aliphatic resins and showing a high-impact strength... 

Overalls special requirements (flame retardant, antistatic), frequency of laundering... 

Hinman et al. [492] have compared SFE and ASE in the extraction of antioxidants from LDPE. Comparable extraction yields were obtained with both techniques. However, sample clean-up was necessary after ASE , while with SFE the extract could be analysed directly without any post-extraction clean-up. Supercritical fluid extraction of 15 polymer additives (AOs, UVAs, process lubricants, flame retardants and antistatic agents) from eight PS formulations was compared to dissolu-tion/precipitation extractions [557], Additive recoveries were comparable. Numerous additional comparisons can be found under the specific headings of the extraction techniques (Sections 3.3 and 3.4). 

Hydrolysis of polyamide-based formulations with 6 N HC1 followed by TLC allows differentiation between a-aminocaproic acid (ACA) and hexamethylenedi-amine (HMD) (hydrolysis products of PA6 and PA6.6, respectively), even at low levels. The monomer composition (PA6/PA6.6 ratio) can be derived after chromatographic determination of the adipic acid (AA) content. Extraction of the hydrolysate with ether and derivatisa-tion allow the quantitative determination of fatty acids (from lubricants) by means of GC (Figure 3.27). Further HC1/HF treatment of the hydrolysis residue, which is composed of mineral fillers, CB and nonhydrolysable polymers (e.g. impact modifiers) permits determination of total IM and CB contents CB is measured quantitatively by means of TGA [157]. Acid hydrolysis of flame retarded polyamides allows to determine the adipic acid content (indicative of PA6.6) by means of HPLC, HCN content (indicative of melamine cyanurate) and fatty acid (indicative of a stearate) by means of GC [640]. Determination of ethylene oxide-based antistatic agents... 

Uses. As a flame retardant, a preignition additive for gasoline, an antifoam agent, a plasticizer and stabilizer, a textile conditioner, and an antistatic agent used experimentally to mimic the physical and spectroscopic (but not biological) properties of anticholinesterase agents... 

Several additives are common in producing moldable ABS resins. These include lubricants, mold release agents, antistatic agents, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers and flame retardants (65). 

New trends involve the use of nanoparticles in synthetic fibers. Polymer-layered silicates, nanotubes, and POSS have been successfully introduced in a number of textile fibers, mainly poly-amide-6, polypropylene, and polyester. Although they reduce the flammability of these fibers, but on their own are not effective enough to confer flame retardancy to a specified level. However, in presence of small amounts of selected conventional FRs (5-10 wt %), synergistic effect can be achieved. With this approach fibers having multifunctional properties can also be obtained, e.g., water repellency or antistatic properties along with fire retardancy. Most of the work in this area at present is on the lab scale and there is a potential to take this forward to a commercial scale. 

The combination of EC and antistatic finishes, achieved with selected products is important for synthetic microfibre textiles. Other common finish combinations include hand builders, flame retardant and antimicrobial agents, which generate valuable and useful multifunctional finishes. 

Permanent antistatic fmishes, based on crosshnked polyamines and polyglycols, need an alkaline catalyst. Therefore the one-bath combination with finishes, which need acid catalysis, is difficult but not impossible. Examples of acid-catalysed fmishes are the easy-care and durable press fmishes, durable hydrophylic silicone softeners and elastomeric finishes, also fluorocarbon-based repellency and some flame-retardant finishes. High finish effects result from a two-bath application with of the easy-care finish first followed by the surface-related antistatic finish. 

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