Antiseptics antibacterial activity

The antibacterial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics is summarized in Table 10.2. 

Table 10.2 Antibacterial activity of commonly used disinfectants and antiseptics... 

When formulating antibacterial preparations it is imperative to realize that the properties of the base may seriously modify the antibacterial activity of the medicament It is quite useless to formulate a well-proven antiseptic into an otherwise elegant pharmaceutical preparation without determining if the final formulation is, itself, an effective antibaeterial agent. 

Urinary antiseptics are orally administered agents that exert antibacterial activity in the urine but have no systemic antibacterial activity. Urinary antiseptics are listed as in table 9.2.2. 

Urinary antiseptics are oral agents that exert antibacterial activity in the urine but have little or no systemic antibacterial effect. Their usefulness is limited to lower urinary tract infections. Prolonged suppression of bacteriuria by means of urinary antiseptics may be desirable in chronic urinary tract infections in which eradication of infection by short-term systemic therapy has not been possible. 

Silver sulfadiazine was first described in 1943 by Wruble (1) and was found to be mildly antiseptic. Fox (2) rediscovered the compound in 1968 in his search for a suitable substance for topical treatment of bums. His philosophy was to combine the oligodynamic effect of the silver ion with the antibacterial activity of sulfadiazine. The compound has been in clinical use in the USA since 1973 and appears to be active against a wide range of micro-organisms (3). The usual application form is a 1% w/w oil-water cream. 

Triclosan (2,4,4,-trichloro-2/-hydroxydiphenylether) is an antiseptic suitable for formulation in a W/O emulsion with excellent antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo against S. aureus, Klebsiella and Proteus species 26 In addition, it has been shown to be effective for eradication of MRSA as well as fungi. Triclosan does not have irritative, phototoxic or allergic, nor mutagenic or teratogenic potential the toxicity in general is low and so is the sensitizing potential.27-29 Triclosan and similar additives (e.g., triclocarban) have demonstrated antibacterial and antiinflammatory efficacy when used as an antiseptic wash.28,30... 

Triclosan cannot only be applied as an emulsion, but it also has demonstrated antibacterial and antiinflammatory efficacy in eczema therapy when used as an antiseptic wash.28,30 Likewise, 10% povidone-iodine solution as a disinfectant showed excellent antibacterial activity together with improvement of clinical severity.79 As a 1% solution, chlorhexidine digluconate has shown superior effectiveness to triclosan in vitro, but may be only suitable for therapeutic use in intertriginous areas or as part of wet wrap dressings in the treatment of AD when used as an alcoholic solution.26,80... 

Phenazopyricline hydrochloride was formerly used as a urinary antiseptic. Although it isactivc in vitro again.st staph-yliK occi. streptococci, gonococci, and . coli. it has no useful antibacterial activity in the urine. Thus, its present utility lies in its local analgesic effect on the mucosa of the urinary tract. 

Dequadin dequalinium chloride, dequalinium chloride [ban. inn] (natrallnlum chloride Dequadin Labosept ) is a bisquaternary quinolinium ANTISEPTIC, with some ANTIFUNGAL and ANTIBACTERIAL activity. Clinically, it may be used topically, commonly as throat lozenges. 

Tea tree oil is used in perfumery for creating certain nuances and for earthy notes. Due to its well known antiseptic (antibacterial, antifungal) properties it is used as an active ingredient in many cosmetic preparations. 

Since cannabinoids are phenolics, their antibacterial activity is not surprising however, their potency and the activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains are remarkable. Data on the antibiotic activity of CBC [75], CBG [76], CBD [77], and A -THC [77] have been obtained, and C. saliva preparations have been investigated as topical antiseptic agents. More recently, the potential of the major cannabinoids to address antibiotic resistance to methicillin-resistant... 

Salicylic acid This acid confers antiseptic, antibacterial and anti- inflammatory actions. It has been used in pharmaceutical industry as analgesics, anti-rheumatics and even in acne treatment. Salicyhc acid work through various routes, cyclooxygenase (COX) activity inhibition or adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, etc. 

The enological properties of sulfur dioxide were summarized at the beginning of this chapter (Section 8.1). It is essentially a multifaceted antiseptic and a powerful reducing agent that protects against oxidation. Its antifungal and antibacterial activities will be covered in Sections 8.6.2 and 8.6.3 the antioxidizing and antioxidasic properties will be covered in Section 8.7.2. The varions forms of sulfur dioxide do not share these properties to the same extent (Table 8.14). 

Fruit widely regarded as possessing bacteriostatic activity for urinary tract infections. Antibacterial activity has been variously, though not conclusively attributed to anthocyanins flavonol glycosides catechin volatile components and benzoic, quinic, malic, and citric acids (crellin and philpott). It has been suggested and disputed that the urinary antiseptic effect is due to the action of hippuric acid. Other studies suggest cranberry juice possesses antiadhesion activity to mucous membrane Escherichia coli,... 

Cubeb oil has been reported to exhibit antiviral activities in rats as well as weak to strong antibacterial activities in vitro it also has certain urinary antiseptic properties... 

In addition, various pyridopyridazines have been claimed to have activity as antibacterials and antiseptics, antitubercular agents, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antiallergics, tranquillizers, CNS depressants and muscle relaxants. 

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