Analgesics local

Analgesics Local Anaesthetics Voltage-dependent Na+Channels Pain and Nociception... 

Antiepileptics and antiparkinsons Narcotic analgesics Local anesthetics... 

The dosage forms applied locally to the skin are powders, paste, lotions, ointments, creams, plasters and jellies. They are used for their antiseptic, antipruritic, analgesic, local anaesthetic and other related effects. 

Superficial and deep heat Decreased muscle/joint pain and stiffness NSAIDs opioid analgesics local anesthetics - -... 

It can contribute to the identification and classification of unknown substances. Large laboratories today obviously use NMR and mass spectroscopy to help them solve their identification problems, but it is frequently possible to ascertain the substance class of a sample with just a UV spectrum -if material and spectra are available for comparison. It is often possible to define the probable range of indications, as for example analgesic , local anaesthetic , psychotropic or similar. In that case, the field of major interest can be selected under Indications . The spectra sheets can be called up there. In some cases a pharmaceutical substance can be found in two or three different groups of indication. 

Opening with the history of kava, this book proceeds to describe the botany, cultivation, harvesting and economic aspects of kava. A major part of the book is then devoted to the chemical and pharmacological properties of the kavalactones, the psychoactive constituents of kava that are reported to have sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, local anesthetic, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective properties. The medical and clinical studies that provide evidence for the therapeutic benefits are balanced with an assessment of the known adverse effects and interactions and the recently reported cases of severe liver toxicity in which kava has been implicated. 

Many 1,2,3,5-benzenetetrol derivatives are used mediciaaHy. For example, khellin [82-02-0] (65), which is a naturally occurring benzopyranone, is used as a coronary vasodilator and bronchodilator (233). Derivatives of khellin are effective local anesthetics and antiarrythmics (234). Similarly, amine derivatives (68) that are prepared from khellinone oxime (66) exhibit hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, cardiac analeptic, diuretic, and antiulcerous activity (235) (see Analgesics, antipyretics, and antiinflammatory agents). 

Oxolamine [959-14-8] (57) is sold in Europe. It is an oxadiazole, and its general pharmacological profile is described (81). The compound possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory, local anesthetic, and antispasmodic properties, in addition to its antitussive activity. Although a central mechanism may account for some of the activity, peripheral inhibition of the cough reflex may be the dominant effect. The compound has been shown to be clinically effective, although it is less active than codeine (82,83). The synthesis of oxolamine is described (84). 

The naproxen that you buy over the counter at your local pharmacy consists of a single enantiomer, which is an effective analgesic (pain killer). The other enantiomer is not a pain killer even worse, it can cause liver damage. 

Pharmacological intervention NSAIDs, local anesthetics, opioid analgesics, sodium-channel blockers Opioid analgesics, NSAIDs, calcium-channel blockers ... 

ATC C05AD05 N01BA02 S01HA05 Use local anesthetic, analgesic, geriatric... 

This peripheral activity may be a rational basis for the use of systemic local anaesthetics in neuropathic states since ectopic activity in damaged nerves has been shown to be highly sensitive to systemic sodium channel blockers. This too is probably part of the basis for the analgesic effects of established effective anti-convulsants that block sodium channels such as carbamazepine, although central actions are important and may even predominate. The precise actions of excitability blockers therefore remains hazy as does any clear basis for the effectiveness of antidepressants and other adrenergic agents in the treatment of neuropathic pain as both central and peripheral actions, including sympathetic effects are possible. 

Are the analgesic effects of PCP due to its local anesthetic properties or actions at sigma or perhaps mu receptors ... 

Epidural analgesia is frequently used for lower extremity procedures and pain (e.g., knee surgery, labor pain, and some abdominal procedures). Intermittent bolus or continuous infusion of preservative-free opioids (morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl) and local anesthetics (bupivacaine) may be used for epidural analgesia. Opiates given by this route may cause pruritus that is relieved by naloxone. Adverse effects including respiratory depression, hypotension, and urinary retention may occur. When epidural routes are used in narcotic-dependent patients, systemic analgesics must also be used to prevent withdrawal since the opioid is not absorbed and remains in the epidural space. Doses of opioids used in epidural analgesia are 10 times less than intravenous doses, and intrathecal doses are 10 times less than epidural doses (i.e., 10 mg of IV morphine is equivalent to 1 mg epidural morphine and 0.1 mg of intrathecally administered morphine).45... 

---