Antirrhinum

Waites, R.H., Selvadurai, R.N., Oliver, I.R. and Hudson, A. (1998) The PHANTASTICA gene encodes a myb transcription factor involved in growth and dorsoventrality of lateral organs in Antirrhinum. Cell 93, 779-789. 

SMARTWEED Pofygonum lapathifoUum) SNAPDRAGON Antirrhinum majus L.) SORGHUM Sorghum vulgare Pers.)... 

Flavone synthase (FNS EC 1.14.11.22) introduces a double bond between C2 and C3 of a flavanone to produce the corresponding flavone. This activity was initially identified in parsley cell suspension cultures and subsequently shown to be encoded by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase [67, 78, 79], This enzyme, now known as FNS-I, appears to have very limited distribution. To date, it has only been identified in the Apiaceae family (Umbellifers). The more widely occurring FNS-II (CYP93B) was initially identified from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers [80] and was subsequently shown to be a P450 enzyme. FNS-I, FNS-II, and the various roles flavones play in plant species have recently been reviewed by Martens and Mithofer [81], Subsequent to this review, Yu et al. [82] demonstrated that the characteristic lack of natural accumulation of flavones in Brassicaceae could not be overcome in A. thaliana even by overexpression of recombinant parsley FNS-I. 

Stotz G, Forkmann G (1981) Oxidation of flavanones to flavones with flower extracts of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). Z Naturforsch 36C 737-741... 

Martin, C. et al.. Molecular analysis of instability in flower pigmentation of Antirrhinum majus, following isolation of the pallida locus by transposon tagging. EMBO J., 4, 1625, 1985. 

Schwinn, K.E. et al.. Expression of an Antirrhinum majus UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-0-glucosyltransferase transgene alters flavonoid glycosylation and acylation in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Grise.). Plant ScL, 125, 53, 1997. 

Tamagnone, L. et al.. The AmMYB308 and AmMYB330 transcription factors from Antirrhinum regulate phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell, 10, 135, 1998. 

Moyano, E., Martinez-Garcia, J.E., and Martin, C., Apparent redundancy in myb gene function provides gearing for the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in Antirrhinum flowers. Plant Cell, 8, 1519, 1996. 

Bavage, A.D. et al.. Expression of an Antirrhinum dihydroflavonol reductase gene results in changes in condensed tannin structure and accumulation in root cultures of Lotus corniculatus (bird s foot trefoil). Plant Mol Biol, 35, 443, 1997. 

Despite the resurgence in research activity on flavonoid function, many questions remain unanswered. Some functions are only partially understood, and there are probably many others not yet uncovered. For example, there have been several intriguing reports that describe correlations between flavonoid content and morphology. In Antirrhinum, the intensity of anthocyanin pigmentation in the flowers depends upon the shape of cells in the... 

Gorton, H.L. and Vogelmann, T.C., Effects of epidermal cell shape and pigmentation on optical properties of Antirrhinum petals at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths, Plant Physiol, 112, 879, 1996. 

Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii, A. graniticum Scrophul. Aerial p., ext. 108... 

Murraya paniclulata Antirrhinum graniticum Conoclinium greggii Ozothamnus lycopodioides Viguiera rosei Citrus sinensis Citrus Dancy tangerine ... 

Whilst many alkaloids contain the pyridine ring system, the combination of two pyridine rings as exemplified in the naphthyridines is rather uncommon in nature. The alkaloid jasminine (436), a 2,7-naphthyridine derivative, has been isolated from Jasminium species (68AJC1321) whilst 4-methyl-2,6-naphthyridine (437) occurs in the aerial parts of Antirrhinum majus and aronticus (71P2849). 

Jorgensen, E.C. and Geissman, T.A. 1955. The chemistry of flower pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus color genotypes. 111. Relative anthocyanin and aurone concentrations. Biochem. Biophys. 55 389-402. 

Maize mutants with altered flavonoid metabolism can also be identified based on variation in color, either of the seeds, the vegetative parts of the plant, or the floral structures (anthers and silks). Petunia (Petunia hybrida) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) have also been widely used as model species for the elucidation of flavonoid biosynthesis (reviewed by Winkel-Shirley, 2001). In the description of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis presented in this section, the emphasis will be on maize and Arabidopsis. 

Schwarz-Sommer, Z., Davies, B., and Hudson, A., 2003, An everlasting pioneer the story of Antirrhinum research, Nature Rev. Genetics 4 656-664. 

Glover BJ, Martin C. 1998. The role of petal cell shape and pigmentation in pollination success in Antirrhinum majus. Heredity 80 778-784. 

Martin C, Prescott A, Mackay S, Bartlett J, Yrijlandt E. 1991. Control of anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of Antirrhinum majus. Plant J 1 37-49. 

Schwinn K, Venail J, Shang Y, Mackay S, Aim V, Butelli E, Oyama R, Bailey P, Davies K, Martin C. 2006. A small family of MYB-regulatory genes controls floral pigmentation intensity and patterning in the genus Antirrhinum. Plant Cell 18 831-851. 

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