Flower pigment

Blumen blatt, n. petal. erde, /, garden mold, gelb, n. any yellow flower pigment. kohl, m. cauhflower, seite, /. (Leather) hair side, staub, m. pollen. tee, m. imperial tea. topf, m. flower pot. 

TLC and HPLC have been applied for the separation of the flower pigments of some Delphinium species. Anthocyanins were extracted with 70 per cent aqueous ACN containing... 

K. Honda, K. Tsutsui and K. Hosokawa, Analysis of the flower pigments of some Delphinium species and their interspecific hybrids produced via ovule culture. Sci. Hort. 82 (1999) 125-134. 

The functions of phenylpropanoid derivatives are as diverse as their structural variations. Phenylpropanoids serve as phytoalexins, UV protectants, insect repellents, flower pigments, and signal molecules for plant-microbe interactions. They also function as polymeric constituents of support and surface structures such as lignins and suberins [1]. Therefore, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids has received much interest in relation to these functions. In addition, the biosynthesis of these compounds has been intensively studied because they are often chiral, and naturally occurring samples of these compounds are usually optically active. Elucidation of these enantioselective mechanisms may contribute to the development of novel biomimetic systems for enantioselective organic synthesis. 

Martin, C. et al.. Molecular analysis of instability in flower pigmentation of Antirrhinum majus, following isolation of the pallida locus by transposon tagging. EMBO J., 4, 1625, 1985. 

Elomaa, P. et al., Agrobacterium-mtdidXtd transfer of antisense chalcone synthase cDNA to Gerbera hybrida inhibits flower pigmentation. Biotechnology, 11, 508, 1993. 

Eorkmann, G., Elavonoids as flower pigments the formation of the natural spectrum and its extension by genetic engineering, Plant Breeding, 106, 1, 1991. 

Nakayama, M. et al.. Identification of cyanidin 3-0-(3",6"-beta-dimalonyl-beta-glucopyranoside) as a flower pigment of chrysanthemum Dendranthema grandiflorum), Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 61, 1607, 1997. 

Norbaek, R. et al.. Flower pigment composition of Crocus species and cultivars used for a chemotaxonomic investigation, Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 30, 763, 2002. 

Similarly, Karrer and oo-workers discovered that the carotenoid flower pigment trollixanthin (XV),103 as veil aa the related substances anthoroxsnthin, M, i4 violaxanthin, 1 and epoxylutein, 10-(1 all contain epoxide units. The. subject of naturally-occurring carotenoid epoxides ha been reviewed recently.1. 8 8 and attention called to the possible need for revision in certain of the structural assignments made by Karrer and hie associates.885... 

Jorgensen, E.C. and Geissman, T.A. 1955. The chemistry of flower pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus color genotypes. 111. Relative anthocyanin and aurone concentrations. Biochem. Biophys. 55 389-402. 

Ellestad GA. 2006. Structure and chiroptical properties of supramolecular flower pigments. Chirality 18 134-144. 

Weiss D. 2000. Regulation of flower pigmentation and growth Multiple signaling pathways control anthocyanin synthesis in expanding petals. Physiol Plant 110 152-157. 

Pyrylium ions are six-membered heterocycles in which a positively charged sp2-hybridized oxygen replaces the nitrogen in pyridine. The pyrylium ring appears in many naturally occurring flower pigments. 

DE VETTEN, N, QUATTROCCfflO, F MOL, J., KOES, R., The anil locus controlling flower pigmentation in petunia encodes a novel WD-repeat protein conserved in yeast, plants, and animals, Genes Dev., 1997,11, 1422-1434. 

So far we have started the chain with acetate, but many other starter units are used, Some important groups of compounds use shikimic acid metabolites such as cinnamic acid (Chapter 50) as starter units. They include the widespread plant flavones and the anthocyanidin flower pigments. 

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