Antiretroviral therapy, for HIV

WHO. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Available from URL http //www.who.int/hiv/ pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf WHO. Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Available... 

Petursson H Lader MH (1981). Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment. British Medical Journal, 238, 643-5 Philips G, Gossop M Bradley M (1986). The influence of psychological factors on the opiate withdrawal syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 135-8 Philhps AN, Gazzard BG, Clumeck N, Losso MH Lundgren JD (2007). When should antiretroviral therapy for HIV be started British Medical Journal, 334, 76-8 Poikolainen K (2002). Antecedents of substance use in adolescence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 241-5... 

Carpenter CC, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998 updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 1998 280 78-86. 

Barbaro G. Metabolic and cardiovascular complications of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Curr HIV Res. 2006 4 79-8 5. 

Nolan D, Reiss P, Mallal S. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection a review of selected topics. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005 4 201-218. 

Fletcher CV, Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Schacker TW, Henry K, Gross CR, Brundage RC. Concentration-controlled compared with conventional antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. AIDS 2002 16(4) 551-60. 

Moyer TP, Temesgen Z, Enger R, Estes L, Charlson J, Oliver L, Wright A. Drug monitoring of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection method validation and results of a pilot study. Clin Chem 1999 45 1465-76. 

Taiwo B, Hicks C, Eron J (2010) Unmet therapeutic needs in the new era of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1. J Antimicrob Chemother 65 1100-1107... 

Cardiovascular The risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV was reviewed in a metaanalysis and systematic review [290 ]. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria and eight contributed to a formal meta-analysis with the final outcomes of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and other cardiovascular events. Findings based on two observational studies indicated an increase in risk of MI for patients exposed to ABC (RR 1.92,95% Cl 1.51-2.42) and PI (RR 2.13,95% Cl 1.06-4.28), specifically indinavir (IDV) (RR 1.11,95% Cl 1.05-1.17) and LPV (RR 1.22, 95% Cl 1.01-1.47). As these results are in contrast to four published meta-analyses, further investigation is needed. 

Temesgen Z. Cobidstat-boosted elvitegravir-based fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Drugs Today (Bare) 2012 48(12) 765-71. 

Bavinger C, Bendavid E, Niehaus K, Olshen RA, OUdn I, Svmdaram V, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV a systematic review. PLoS One 2013 8(3) e59551. 

WARNING Rarely causes allergy never rechallenge Uses w/ antiretroviral agents for HIV-1 Infxn in Tx-experienced pts w/ evidence of viral replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy Action Viral fusion inhibitor Dose 90 mg... 

Gazzard B (on behalf of the BHIVA Writing Committee). British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines for the treatment of HIV-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy (2006). HIV Med 2006 7 487-503. 

Clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism occurred in a 36-year-old woman, after previously stable levothyroxine replacement therapy, when antiretroviral drugs for HIV infection were introduced (85). She was reported to be taking a very large dose of... 

Miller V, Mocroft A, Reiss P, Katlama C, Papadopoulos AI, Katzenstein T, van Lunzen J, Antunes F, Phillips AN, Lundgren JD, for the EuroSIDA Study Group. Relations among CD4 lymphocyte nadir, antiretroviral therapy, and HIV-1 disease progression Results from the EuroSIDA study. Ann Intern Med 1999 130 570-7. 

Nervous system Susceptibility factors for neuropathy in 295 stavudine-exposed patents with HTV infection have been investigated in a study in South Africa [671. No distinction was made between HIV-induced and stavudine-assodated neuropathy. The patients had all taken stavudine-based antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months and 226 had a symptomatic neuropathy. Increasing age and height were both independently assodated with the risk of neuropathy. The primary symptom reported was pain (76%, 172 of 226) 48% (108 of 226) had numbness and 46% (105 of 226) reported pins and needles. All had symptoms in the feet and only 23% had symptoms elsewhere. The authors suggested using age and height as prospective risk-stratification factors. 

So far, five different protease inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV infection [3, 4]. Clinical trials in which protease inhibitors were evaluated in monotherapy demonstrated the potency of this class of inhibitors (decrease in HIV RNA levels, increase in CD4 cell counts). Treatment regimens were subsequently broadened to include reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with protease inhibitors. The result of these clinical trials has led to a list of guidelines with recommendations for the optimal treatment options. Prolonged control of the infection with combination therapy (highly active antiretroviral therapy, HAART ) could be shown. 

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