Antiretroviral therapy, for HIV infection

WHO. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Available from URL http //www.who.int/hiv/ pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf WHO. Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Available... 

Carpenter CC, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998 updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 1998 280 78-86. 

Barbaro G. Metabolic and cardiovascular complications of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Curr HIV Res. 2006 4 79-8 5. 

Nolan D, Reiss P, Mallal S. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection a review of selected topics. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005 4 201-218. 

Fletcher CV, Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Schacker TW, Henry K, Gross CR, Brundage RC. Concentration-controlled compared with conventional antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. AIDS 2002 16(4) 551-60. 

Temesgen Z. Cobidstat-boosted elvitegravir-based fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Drugs Today (Bare) 2012 48(12) 765-71. 

Clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism occurred in a 36-year-old woman, after previously stable levothyroxine replacement therapy, when antiretroviral drugs for HIV infection were introduced (85). She was reported to be taking a very large dose of... 

Moyer TP, Temesgen Z, Enger R, Estes L, Charlson J, Oliver L, Wright A. Drug monitoring of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection method validation and results of a pilot study. Clin Chem 1999 45 1465-76. 

Flori and le Vaillant (2004) studied the temporal relationship between the uptake of the more aggressive antiretroviral therapy and the use and cost of hospital treatment for HIV-infected patients in France from 1995 to 2000 from a hospital perspective. The authors found that during this period the proportion of patients on ARV treatment increased from 69.5% to 97%, with a large rise in the use of polytherapy. This increase was most notable for patients with CD4 cell counts above 500. ART expenditures per patient increased between the study years by 220%, reaching US 1,886 in 2000. Unlike that, inpatient hospitalization fell by 60% and average length of stay declined. Thus hospital costs (excluding ART) decreased to US 2,137 in 2000. 

Since oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis are signs of immunocompromise, the immune status of the patient should be considered in the therapeutic care plan. For HIV-infected patients, this should also include an evaluation of the patient s antiretroviral therapy since fungal infections may represent deterioration in immune status. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Report of the NIH panel to define principles of therapy of HIV infection and guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR 47(RR-5), 1-82. 

Gazzard B (on behalf of the BHIVA Writing Committee). British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines for the treatment of HIV-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy (2006). HIV Med 2006 7 487-503. 

Nervous system Susceptibility factors for neuropathy in 295 stavudine-exposed patents with HTV infection have been investigated in a study in South Africa [671. No distinction was made between HIV-induced and stavudine-assodated neuropathy. The patients had all taken stavudine-based antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months and 226 had a symptomatic neuropathy. Increasing age and height were both independently assodated with the risk of neuropathy. The primary symptom reported was pain (76%, 172 of 226) 48% (108 of 226) had numbness and 46% (105 of 226) reported pins and needles. All had symptoms in the feet and only 23% had symptoms elsewhere. The authors suggested using age and height as prospective risk-stratification factors. 

So far, five different protease inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV infection [3, 4]. Clinical trials in which protease inhibitors were evaluated in monotherapy demonstrated the potency of this class of inhibitors (decrease in HIV RNA levels, increase in CD4 cell counts). Treatment regimens were subsequently broadened to include reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with protease inhibitors. The result of these clinical trials has led to a list of guidelines with recommendations for the optimal treatment options. Prolonged control of the infection with combination therapy (highly active antiretroviral therapy, HAART ) could be shown. 

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