Antimony applications

Antimony trioxide has numerous practical applications (1). Its principal use is as a flame retardant in textiles and plastics (see Flame RETARDANTS Flame retardants in textiles). It is also used as a stabilizer for plastics, as a catalyst, and as an opacifier in glass (qv), ceramics (qv), and vitreous enamels... 

APPLICATION OF SURFACE ELECTROCHEMICAL PASSIVATION OF LEAD-ANTIMONY ALLOY FOR A SIMPLE AND RAPID ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF ANTIMONY CONTENT OF ITS ALLOYS... 

Range of application and spectral sensitivity The photomultiphers most frequently employed in scanners possess antimony-caesium cathodes. These alloy cathodes are primarily sensitive to the short-wavelength part of visible light (Tab. 4). 

Covalent fluondes of group 3 and group 5 elements (boron, tin, phosphorus, antimony, etc ) are widely used m organic synthesis as strong Lewis acids Boron trifluoride etherate is one of the most common reagents used to catalyze many organic reactions. A representative example is its recent application as a catalyst in the cycloadditions of 2-aza-l,3-dienes with different dienophiles [14] Boron trifluoride etherate and other fluonnated Lewis acids are effective activators of the... 

The above comparative evaluation of starter battery separators refers to moderate ambient temperatures the standard battery tests arc performed at 40 or 50 °C. What happens, however, on going to significantly higher temperatures, such as 60 or 75 °C This question cannot be answered without considering the alloys used batteries with antimonial alloys show a water consumption that rises steeply with increasing temperature [40], leaving as the only possibilities for such applications either the hybrid construction, i.c., positive electrode with low-antimony alloy, negative electrode lead-calcium, or even both... 

Special applications are often governed by different priorities as already discussed in relation to golf carts, the low water loss and the delay in antimony poisoning in heavy-duty service of a forklift are of eminent importance, with the result that rubber separators remain the preferred product there. Submarine batteries offer a different... 

More than 200 users annually consume over US 55 million of light stabilisers. IR absorbers (e.g. amine, antimony salt mixture) protect against IR radiation applicable in PC, PMMA, PVC, etc. 

Electrodes of the first kind have only limited application to titration in non-aqueous media a well-known example is the use of a silver electrode in the determination of sulphides and/or mercaptans in petroleum products by titration in methanol-benzene (1 1) with methanolic silver nitrate as titrant. As an indicator electrode of the second kind the antimony pH electrode (or antimony/antimony trioxide electrode) may be mentioned its standard potential value depends on proton solvation in the titration medium chosen cf., the equilibrium reaction on p. 46). 

The introduction of enamel into the wastestream results in an increase in the concentration of metals, but these metals (antimony, titanium, zirconium, tin, cobalt, and manganese) are in solid form whereas the metals generated by surface preparation are normally in dissolved form. These solid metals increase the suspended solids concentration of the stream. Other metals that may be found in the enamel preparation and application wastestream in significant amounts include aluminum, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc. Table 8.2 presents pollutant sampling data for the processes used in the porcelain enameling on steel industry. 

Simultaneous and continuous measurements of extracellular pH, potassium K+, and lactate in an ischemic heart were carried out to study lactic acid production, intracellular acidification, and cellular K+ loss and their quantitative relationships [6, 7], The pH sensor was fabricated on a flexible kapton substrate and the pH sensitive iridium oxide layer was electrodeposited on a planar platinum electrode. Antimony-based pH electrodes have also been used for the measurement of myocardial pH in addition to their application in esophageal acid reflux detection. 

The corrosion of antimony electrodes was also measured using ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) for dissolved antimony in vivo [156], After the electrodes were inserted in the plasma, the antimony concentration showed a linear rise with time at a rate approximately of 94 j,g/L/h (r2 = 0.997). Although the projected antimony concentration is lower than the safe limit, accumulation of dissolved antimony and localized toxic effects in tissue may prevent the antimony electrode from long-term implantable applications. 

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