Proton solvated

Conway, B. E. Proton Solvation and Proton Transfer Processes in Solution 3... 

Electrodes of the first kind have only limited application to titration in non-aqueous media a well-known example is the use of a silver electrode in the determination of sulphides and/or mercaptans in petroleum products by titration in methanol-benzene (1 1) with methanolic silver nitrate as titrant. As an indicator electrode of the second kind the antimony pH electrode (or antimony/antimony trioxide electrode) may be mentioned its standard potential value depends on proton solvation in the titration medium chosen cf., the equilibrium reaction on p. 46). 

The H2S+ ion is generally termed a lyonium ion and the S" ion is termed a lyate ion. The symbol H2S+ (for example H30+, CH3COOH2+, etc.) refers only to a proton solvated by a suitable solvent and does not express either the degree of solvation (solvation number) or the structure. For example, two water molecules form the lyonium ion H30+, termed the oxonium (formerly hydronium or hydroxonium) ion, and the lyate ion OH", termed the hydroxide ion. 

Lengyel, S., and B. E. Conway, Proton solvation and transfer in chemical and electrochemical processes, CTE, 5, Chap. 4. 

Voth, G. A., Computer simulation of proton solvation and transport in aqueous and bio-molecular systems, Acc. Chem. Res. 2006, 39, 143-150. 

In strong acids the convention is to write the protonation equilibrium of a weak base B as equation (5) the species H30+ in equation (1) (or such higher proton solvates as may be present) is just written as H+ for simplicity, without indicating its structural environment ... 

For the acidic proton transfer of Eqn. 3-44, the proton solvation processes of Eqns. 3-32 and 3-42 are represented by the proton level versus concentration curves of Eqns. 3-39 and 3-43, respectively, as shown in Fig. 3-19. In this proton level diagram, the proton level in an acetic acid solution is given by the intersecting point (mH,o - where cross each other the occupied proton level versus concentration curve of H3O ion and the vacant proton level versus concentration curve of Ac" ion, as expressed in Eqn. 3-46 ... 

Reacting gases may be in excess if they react with solids and do not condense in liquid phases, but supercritical media are clearly not the subject of solvent-free chemistry and deserve their own treatment. For practical reasons, this book does not deal with homogeneous or contact-catalyzed gas-phase reactions. Furthermore, very common polymerizations (except for solid-state polymerizations), protonations, solvations, complexations, racemizations, and other stereo-isomerizations are not covered, to concentrate on more complex chemical con-... 

Stoyanov, E.S., Smirnov, I.V. Proton solvates, H+-nH2OmL, formed by diphosphine dioxides with chlorinated cobalt(III) dicarbollide acid. J. Mol. Struct. (2005), 740 (1-3), 9-16. 

Our problem is to assign a mechanism to the implied combination of electron/proton, solvation and acetic acid coordination steps. The mechanistic details of this redox cycle were given in Figs. 6 and 7 of Ref. [19]. As we now show, the scheme of cubes is a vastly superior and more concise way to present the details of the complete redox cycle for this process. 

Aside from NH4" and apart from the pioneer work on the hydrates (Newton and Ehrenson, 1971), few non-metal positive ions have been studied as extensively by theoretical computations. Very recently, calculations have been done on the proton solvation by methanol and dimethylether (Hirao et d., 1982), and N2, CO and O2 (Yamabe, 1981). In our laboratory, a study of the hydrates of NO" in view of understanding the mechanism of production of NO2H is in progress (Pullman and Ranganathan, 1984). 

Recent results by Zawodzinski et al. [97] show that several PFSA membranes exhibit similar electroosmotic behavior, i.e., a drag coefficient of close to 1.0 H2O/H+ over a wide range of water contents for a membrane equilibrated with vapor-phase water. The lack of dependence of the drag coefficient on membrane nanostructure suggests that the drag coefficient is determined by basic elements of the proton transport process which are similar for all membranes, such as proton solvation and local water structure. 

The standard state might be chosen in various ways (e.g., as the state at inhnitely diluted solution). The resulting standard acidity scale is characterized by the activity of the proton solvated by the given solvent, HS, according to... 

NH3, H20, or mixtures of NH3 and H20 have been measured by high-pressure mass spectrometry.198 It was deduced that NH3 forms stronger hydrogen bonds to NHt, for low values of x, than does H20. Gas-phase studies of proton solvation by donors, L, have been extended by Kebarle and Grimsrud199 to include methanol and diethyl ether. The temperature dependence of the (n, n — 1) equilibria for H+(L)n H+(L)n +L was obtained so that AG°, AH°, and AS° could be evaluated for each stage. The... 

S. Izvekov and G. A. Voth (2005) Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of aqueous proton solvation and transport revisited. J. Chem. Phys. 123, 044505... 

The strength of ionic hydrogen bond (IHB) ranges from 5 to 35 kcal/mol. These strong interactions are implicated in ionic crystals and clusters, ion solvation, electrolytes, and acid base chemistry. The importance of this interaction in proton solvation, surface phenomenon, self-assembly process in supramo-lecular chemistry, and biomolecular structure and function has also been... 

Power Sources for Electric Vehicles Principles of Temporal and Spatial Pattern Eormation in Electrochemical Systems Preparation and Characterization of Highly Dispersed Electrocatalytic Materials The Present State of the Theory of Electrolytic Solutions Proton Solvation and Proton Transfer Processes in Solution Proton Transfer in Solution... 

We have approached the problem of the relationship between protonation, solvation, and acidity functions. First we have discussed the present status of the determination of p and acidity functions for individual bases in terms of the Bunnett-Olsen equation. 

Novel side-chain polymers with heterocycles such as imidazole attached to appropriate polymer backbones are used as proton-solvating moieties and for achieving high proton mobility at high temperatures (>100°C), where poisoning effects of the used electrocatalysts are drastically reduced. As opposed to the conventional membranes, these systems are aprotic the high proton conductance does not rely on the presence of water. 

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