Antimicrobial articles

Contact killing antimicrobial articles, devices and formulations are described which kill microorganisms... 

The antimicrobial activity of this class of compounds was first reported ia 1943 (1) and this finding was described iadependendy four years later (2). After iavestigation of several derivatives, it was concluded that the 5-nitro function was responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity (3). These preliminary findings focused attention on this area of research and as a result, several thousand nitrofurans have been prepared, and thousands of articles have been prepared, and thousands of articles have been pubUshed describiag the extensive efforts ia these areas. 

The efficacy of an antimicrobial agent must be investigated by appropriate capacity, challenge and in-use tests to ensure that a standard is obtained which is appropriate to the intended use (Chapter 11). In practice, it is not usually possible to know which organisms are present on the articles being treated. Thus, it is necessary to categorize chemicals according to their antimicrobial capabilities and for the user to have an awareness of what level of antimicrobial action is required in a particular situation (Table 10.1). 

Pursuant to editorial request, an additional literature search of relevant articles pertaining to the need for preoperative mechanical and antimicrobial bowel preparation in colorectal surgery since the time of... 

In 1977, a review on the antimicrobial activity of pyridazine derivatives was published [309]. Accordingly, in the present article, antibacterial pyridazines developed more than a decade ago will be mentioned only briefly. Synonyms of the agents (95)-(104) listed below are given in areference book [96]. In order... 

USP 24 Testing Chapters (51) Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing, (61) Microbial Limit Tests and (71) Sterility Tests, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, MD, 2000. USP 24 Informational Chapters (1116) Microbiological Evaluation of Clean Rooms and other Controlled Environments, (1111) Microbiological Attributes of Pharmaceutical Articles, (1151) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, (1225) Validation of Compendial Methods, and (1231) Water for Pharmaceutical Purposes, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, MD, 2000. 

The antimicrobial properties of a product may be due to the presence of preservatives or its formulation. This antimicrobial property must be neutralized to recover viable microorganisms present. The neutralization of antimicrobial property of a pharmaceutical article can be achieved by ... 

Analytical techniques have also been successfully developed to identify and quantify these compounds. The scientific literature is rich in descriptions of the various methods. Several chapters in a recently published multiauthor book (7-13) and articles (6,14,15) have provided excellent reviews of the methodologies available for the analysis of antimicrobial drugs from biomatrices. 

Antimicrobial effect. The in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities of LF are well demonstrated and have been reviewed in many excellent articles (Reiter, 1985 Hutchens et al., 1994 Naidu and Arnold, 1997 Vorland, 1999). LF exerts its antimicrobial effects by various mechanisms, which can be divided into two main patterns ... 

Even for antimicrobial drugs wich have the same mode of action, the mechanisms of actions in molecular terms can be quite different. An instructive example of this is the body of knowledge on actions of inhibitors of protein synthesis at the ribosomal level66). Since the mechanistic details of protein biosynthesis as well as of DNA replication are still incompletely resolved, studies on mechanisms of action of inhibitors of these biosynthetic processes frequently remain inconclusive when the target reaction is not known. Each problem of the mechanism of action of a chemotherapeutic drug becomes an individual research problem in its own right, after the mode of action has been elucidated in the manner described in this article. 

Ada G 2001 Vaccines and vaccination. New England Journal of Medicine 345 1042-1053 Antimicrobial resistance numerous excellent leading articles and reviews on the causes and control of antimicrobial resistance published in British Medical Journal 1998 317 609-616, 645-674 Colebrook L, Kenny M 1939 Treatment with prontosil for puerperal infections. Lancet 2 1319 (a classic paper)... 

ICH-EWG-Q developed a list of 12 general chapters (tests and assays) that were deemed critical to new product registration and urged the PDG to concentrate on prompt harmonization (see Appendix III). Qne of these, Antimicrobial Preservatives Effectiveness, was dropped in 1999 when non-harmonizability was clear because of differences in the essence of utilization of the same microbiological procedure. Of the 11 remaining chapters, all but two (Microbial Limits of Non-Sterile Articles and Dose Uniformity) were harmonized with regard to scientific content by the end of 1999 only the necessary publication sequences were unfinished. 

The ototopical antimicrobial preparations stated earlier suffice for most cases of otitis externa and selected cases of chronic suppurative otitis. However, these compounds have a limited effect in certain patients with resistant strains of bacteria, drug-induced allergies, or a tympanic membrane perforation that requires administration into the middle ear space. In the last case, ototopical preparations may cause pain because of the acidic pH or the presence of alcohol. Ototoxicity of neomycin, polymyxin B, and colistin is also of concern, and many otolaryngologists prefer topical ophthalmic preparations.f Ophthalmic preparations are discussed in the article Ocular Drug Formulation and Delivery in this volume. 

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