Oral surgery

Finne, K., Goransson, K. and Winckler, L. Oral Lichen Planus and Contact Allergy to Mercury , International Journal of Oral Surgery, 11, 236-39 (1982)... 

Catsakis, L. H. andSulica, V, I. Allergy to Silver Amalgams , Oral Surgery, Ora Medicine and Oral Pathology, 46, 371-375 (1978 ... 

Banoezy, J., Roed-Petersen, B. Pindborg, J. J. and Inovay, J. Clinical and Histologic Studies on Electrogalvanically Induced Oral White Lesions Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Ora Pathology, 48, 319-323 (1979)... 

Spangberg, L., Rodrigues, H. Langeland, K. (1974). Biologic effects of dental materials. 4. Effect of polycarboxylate cements on HeLa cells in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 37, 113-17. 

Coleman, G. (1962). A study of some antimicrobial agents used in oral surgery. British Dental Journal, 113, 22-8. 

Robertson, C., Gatchel, R. and Fowler, C., Effectiveness of a videotaped behavioral intervention in reducing anxiety in emrgency oral surgery patients. Behavioral Medicine 17(2), 77-85, 1991. 

Forbes JA, Beaver WT, Jones KF, Kehm G, Smith WK, Gongloff CM, Zeleznock JR, Smith JW. (1991). Effect of caffeine on ibuprofen analgesia in postoperative oral surgery pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 49(6) 674-84. 

It is indicated as adjunct to conventional haemostatic procedures in capillary and venule oozing in various surgical and diagnostic procedures, dental extraction and oral surgeries. 

Clinical use Because of its long duration of action, bupivacaine is indicated for long surgical anesthesia where a considerable amount of postoperative pain is expected such as dental and oral surgeries. Infiltration using a 0.25 % solution of bupivacaine produces sensory anesthesia with an onset of 2 to 5 min and a duration of 2 to 4 h or greater (Tetzlaff, 2000). A nerve conduction block with a duration of between 4 to 8 h and occasionally up to 24 h is achieved with injection of 0.5 to 0.75 %... 

Gregg, J. M., Small, E. W., Moore, R., Raft, D., and Toomey, T. C. (1976). Emotional response to intravenous delta9tetrahydrocannabinol during oral surgery.. Oral Surg. 34, 301-313. 

Wolf DL, Desjardins PJ, Black PM, Francom SR, Mohanlal RW, Fleishaker JC. Anticipatory anxiety in moderately to highly-anxious oral surgery patients as a screening model... 

Diazepam produces less sedation in cigarette smokers, and higher (not lower, as stated in SEDA-20) doses may be required for the same sedative or anxiolytic effect. Owing in part to its continued widespread use, several unusual adverse effects of diazepam continue to be reported. These include cases of urinary retention and compartment syndrome, which are not explicable by its pharmacology. On the other hand, accumulation of diazepam and attendant complications of obtundation and respiratory depression may be understood in terms of its long half-life, particularly in elderly people and medically ill patients. Caution about the intravenous use of diazepam comes from a study that showed cardiac dysrhythmias (mainly ventricular extra beats) in a quarter of oral surgery patients midazolam and lorazepam were much safer (1). 

Roelofse JA, van der Bijl P. Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with intravenous lorazepam, diazepam, and midazolam during oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994 52(3) 247-50. 

Data adapted from American Pain Society. Principles of analgesic use in the treatment of acute pain and chronic cancer pain, ed. 2. Clin Pharm 1990 9 601-611 and Forbes JA, Butterworth GA, Burchfield WH, et al. Evaluation of ketorolac, aspirin, and an acetaminophen-codeine combination in postoperative oral surgery pain. Pharmacotherapy 1990 10 775-935. 

Sindet-Pedersen S, Ramstrom G, Bemvil S, Blomback M. Hemostatic effect of tranexamic acid mouthwash in anti-coagulant-treated patients undergoing oral surgery. N Engl J Med 1989 320(13) 840-3. 

In 66 patients undergoing oral surgery, treatment with azithromycin impaired the periodontal disposition of piroxicam (50). 

Histological and histochemical examination of mucosal biopsies taken after 18 months of daily exposure to chlorhexidine did not show any adverse effect on the oral mucosa. There was increased keratinization of human gingival cells in vitro in cell cultures if the chlorhexidine concentration exceeded 25 p.g/ml, and the same acceleration of keratinization of human gingival cells in gingival swabs occurred after rinsing with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1% chlorhexidine solutions (25). In one case there was excessive impairment of wound healing after daily rinses with a 0.1% chlorhexidine solution after oral surgery. 

Although atrial dysrhythmias have been reported in 3.9% of patients and ventricular dysrhythmias in 2.5% (1), the dysrhythmogenicity of isoflurane is less pronounced than that of halothane (2). Indeed, the incidence of dysrhythmias due to catecholamines in cardiovascular anesthesia and during oral surgery is reduced by using isoflurane rather than the other agents. 

Broome IJ, Robb HM, Raj N, Girgis Y, Wardall GJ. The use of tramadol following day-case oral surgery. Anaesthesia 1999 54(3) 289-92. 

Daniels SE, Grossman EH, Kuss ME, Talwalker S, Hubbard RC. A double-blind, randomized comparison of intramuscularly and intravenously administered parecoxib sodium versus ketorolac and placebo in a post-oral surgery pain model. Clin Ther 2001 23(7) 1018-31. 

Gaston GW, Mallow RD, Frank JE. Comparison of etodolac, aspirin, and placebo for pain after oral surgery Pharmacotherapy 1986 6 199-205. 

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