Antigen immunogenicity

Key Words Immunization antibody antigen immunogen immunity epitope monoclonal polyclonal immunoglobulin. 

Heterogeneity of expression Shed antigen Immunogenicity Tumor penetration... 

Antibody Directed Against Clone Characteristics of Antigen Immunogen Manufacturer Dilution Type of Antigen Retrieval... 

Antigens Immunogenicity Precipitation of anti-BPO antibody Elicitation of hypersensitivity ... 

The presence of protein in ampicillin has been shown to have a significant effect upon the immunogenicity of the antibiotic (Knudsen et al. 1970). Removal of protein markedly reduced the immunogenicity as well as the antigenicity. Immunogenicity was, however, not completely abolished and low levels of antibody were detected in the rabbits used in the immunization experiments. A similar reduction in immunogenicity and antigenicity of ampicillin preparations (and 6-APA preparations) by reduction of protein levels was shown by Shaltiel et al. (1970, 1971). 

Whatever the souree of antigens, it is necessary to administer an adjuvant to increase the host immune response to the antigen. An adjuvant is defined as a substance or a material which when administrated together or in conjunction with an antigen (immunogen) increases the amount and quality of the immune response to that immunogen in the vaccinated/immunized host. 

As a low molecular weight compound DAS is not significantly immunogenic, ie, it is a hapten and thus requires conjugation to a suitable antigenic carrier in order to eUcit a successfiil antibody response in animals. DAS treated with succinic anhydride results in the D AS—hemisuccinate (DAS—HMS) shown. 

The active immunotherapeutic approach is specific and based on the premise that tumor antigens are immunogenic and the host is sufficientiy immunocompetent to mount an effective immune response to an autologous tumor. Theoretically, a weak or suppressed host immune system that had allowed the formation of a tumor may be overridden by active immunization or immunostimulation. In practice, vaccines composed of so-called autologous tumor extracts have been used to treat patients with malignant melanoma (73), and purified melanoma tumor-associated antigens have been used to ehcit antibody responses in melanoma patients (74). 

Wyatt R, Sodroski J (1998) The HlV-1 envelope glycoproteins lusogens, antigens, and immunogens, Science 280 1884-1888... 

E. C. (1988b). Incorporation of the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in saponin-Upid complexes (Iscoms) Chemical analysis, some structural features, and comparison of their immunogenicity with three other antigen delivery systems, Inf. Immun., 56, 432-438. 

Davio et al. (43) report efforts to obtain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to STX. Because STX is a small molecule of approximately 300 daltons, well below the size necessary for immunogenicity, a carrier molecule must be conjugated to the hapten (STX). This technique must minimize alterations of the antigenic form. For the anti-STX antibodies tested to date, the ratios of immunoassay response factor to pharmacological potency for various STX derivatives differ substantially, the immunoassay being virtually unresponsive to some of the common natural derivatives (44). 

Hepatitis Bt Yeast cells genetically modified to express surface antigen 1 Separation of HBsAg from yeast cells 2 Adsorption to AI(0H)3 gel Immunogenicity assay or HBsAg assay by ELISA Test for presence of yeast DMA... 

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