Antibodies from plasma

We used an anti-DNA antibody as an exploratory model system. The antibody was monoelonal from mouse sourees and its subelass was IgM. Mouse IgG (MW 1.5 x 10 Da) and IgM (MW 9 X 10 Da) antibodies from normal plasma, and bovine serum albumin were used for the eontrol measurements. To prevent the nonspeeilie adsorption of proteins to the uneovered, bare Au site in the modified eleetrode surfaee, the DNA-modified eleetrode prepared by the standard proeedure was further treated with aqueous 2-mercaptoethanol solution and was used for the measurements. 

Immune globulin (IG) is a solution containing antibodies from sterilized pooled human plasma that provides passive immunization against various infectious diseases, including hepatitis A.5 Immune globulin is available for either intravenous (IVIG)... 

Plasmapheresis A process of separating blood cells from plasma. This process is used to remove monoclonal antibodies from the blood. 

Immune Globulin (IG) IG is a sterile solution containing antibodies from human blood. It is obtained by cold ethanol fractionation of large pools of blood plasma and contains 15-18 percent protein. Intended for intramuscular administration, IG is primarily indicated for routine maintenance of immunity of certain immunodeficient persons and for passive immunity against measles and hepatitis. IG does not transmit hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or other infectious diseases. 

Figure 1.7. Lymphocyte activation. When naive lymphocytes first encounter the antigen that is recognised by their receptor, they are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate. This clonal expansion is aided by the production of cytokines. Two cell types develop from this process the effector cells (i.e. either antibody-secreting plasma cells or cytotoxic T cells) and memory cells. Both cell types possess virtually the same receptor that was expressed on the naive lymphocyte.

Pharmacokinetics Rapidly cleared from plasma by antibodies and the reticuloendothelial system. Route of elimination unknown. Duration of action continues for several hours after drug has been discontinued. Half-life 23 min. 

Efferent methods of detoxification snch as haemosorption (haemoperfnsion), plasma sorption (plasma perfnsion) and plasmapheresis are the most effective ways to eliminate antibodies from the blood at myasthenia. Among these methods plasmapheresis is the preferred choice [3],... 

Lymphocytes are one of the primary cell types involved in the immune response. There are two general types of lymphocytes, B and T. Both are derived from bone marrow lymphoid stem cells, but T cells go through an additional maturation process in the thymus. Although the morphology of T cells and B cells is similar, the functions of these two types are distinct. After antigen exposure, B cells develop into antibody-producing plasma cells, whereas T cells are divided into functional subtypes that possess distinct cell surface antigens. 

ApoD is found in association with LCAT and with apoA-I in the HDL fraction. Albers et al. used a specific antibody to apoD to remove all apoD by immunoadsorption chromatography from plasma about 64% of LCAT activity and 11% of apoA-I were also removed from plasma (A14). Purified apoD has an apparent Mr of 32,500, and appears as three isoforms on isoelectric focusing (pi 5.20, 5.08, and 5.00) (A14). An HDL apolipoprotein, Mr 35,000, has been thought to be apoD, and to be a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (i.e., to transfer newly synthesized esterified cholesterol from HDL to LDL) (C8). Cholesteryl ester transfer activity in plasma was removed by polyclonal immunoglobulin to apoD (C8, F10). However, Morton and Zilversmit (M41) were able to separate apoD and lipid transfer protein (i.e., the cholesteryl ester transfer protein, or lipid transfer protein I) by chromatography, and they showed that the removal of apoD from plasma by precipitation with specific antisera did not remove any lipid transfer activity. Albers et al. (A14) also showed that immunoadsorption with antibody specific for apoD removed all the apoD from plasma without removing any cholesteryl ester transfer activity. 

This antiserum was used in the blind analysis of plasma samples from marijuana smokers. These samples were also analyzed by GC-MS at Battelle Institute. Regression analysis of the two sets of results showed good agreement RIA (ng/ml) = 1.2 GC + 0.14 with excellent correlation. Thus, the tritium labeled A8-THC combined with the antibody from the A9-immunogen is useful for the analysis of A9-THC in plasma. 

Leukocyte-associated IgG egress from plasma is potentially mediated by binding of endogenous IgG or exogenously administered monoclonal antibodies to FCyRI or FCyRIII on circulating neutrophils and monocytes [2] or Fc,RIIa on platelets [24,25], Human peripheral blood monocytes also bear MHC class I-related FcRn that can transport IgG from plasma to tissue fluids, dendritic cells, or intestinal macrophages [26],... 

Data from KLH-vaccinated cynomolgus monkey infants show an evident TDAR in animals of 3 months of age and a pronunced secondary antibody response to a booster immunization approximately 3 months thereafter (Figure 18.2). Since TDAR requires functional antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells (including the switch to antibody-producing plasma cells), it is supposed to be the most relevant functional assay for a general assessment of immunosuppression. Besides others, another functional assay to be considered for use in juvenile monkeys is a functional test of natural killer (NK) cell activity. 

Figure 32.9. Schematic representation of Type I hypersensitivity. Induction Resident respiratory tract dendritic cells (DC) take and process antigen, mature, migrate to the draining lymph nodes, and present antigen to T lymphocytes. Activated T-lymphocytes, in turn, activate B-cell differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells. IL-4 promotes Ig isotype class switching from IgM to IgE and promotes mast cell development. IgE is associated with mast cells. Elicitation Allergen crosslinks the mast-cell-bound IgE, thereby causing the release of preformed mediators and cytokines. (See Table 32.7.) Inflammation and bronchoconstriction occur.

Immunoaffinity techniques were widely employed for the analyses and purification of proteins [191-193]. Immobilized antibodies were used, e.g., for industrial scale production of human interferon-a2a, interleukin-2, and interleukin-2 receptor, while protein A and protein G were successfully used in therapeutic applications including purification of human immunoglobulin G from plasma and semm [194—196]. 

Cuthbertson B, Rennie JG, Aw D, Reid KG. Safety of albumin preparations manufactured from plasma not tested for HIV antibody. Lancet 1987 2(8549) 41. 

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