Anti-inflammatoiy

Hydrocortisone, desonide—corticosteroids for anti-inflammatoiy and antipruritic effects... 

Recently, the possibility to use C60 as anti-inflammatory compound has been reported (Huang et al., 2008). Fullerene-xanthine hybrids have been studied to determine if nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages can be inhibited by hybrid administration, finding positive results. The presence of xanthine moiety seems to be essential for the inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-a production, while the fullerene portion ameliorates the efficiency in LPS-induced NO production blockage, leading to a new promising class of potent anti-inflammatoiy agents. It is necessary to mention also the opposite results obtained by an amino acid fullerene derivative tested on human epidermal keratinocytes at concentration from 0.4 to 400 pg/mL. 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoiy agents (NSAIDS) (e.g., indomethacin and salicylates)... 

Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion is an important event which can be initiated by tissue injury or infection and is involved in metastasis. One such adhesion process is the interaction between the glycoprotein E-selectin and oligosaccharides on the surface of neutrophils (white blood cells). The ligand that E-selectin recognizes is the tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewis X (SLe ). Since SLe competes with white blood cells for binding to E-selectin, thus inhibiting the adhesion process, it may useful as an anti-inflammatoiy and anticancer agent. 

The pharmacokinetics of etodolac have been extensively studied [4, 37-38]. Etodolac possesses a chiral center, and it has been established that the (S)-(+)-etodolac enantiomer possesses almost all of the anti-inflammatoiy property. Pharmacokinetic properties of the non-stereospecific and stereospecific etodolac are described in the following sections... 

Proinflanmiatory molecules 4 Anti-inflammatoiy molecules t Thl response t Growth factors i Suivival genes 4 Death genes 4 Mutation of tumor Suppressor genes... 

SandlerDP, BurrFR, WeinbergCR Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoiy drugs and the risk for chronic renal disease. Ann. Intern. Med 115 165,1991... 

In vitro metabolism by rat liver microsomes of the anti-inflammatoiy drag tiaramide results in three metabolites, corresponding to mass shifts of +14, +16, and -44 Da [4]. The biotransformation sites can to some extent be derived from mass shifts of the fragments in the MS-MS spectrum, given and interpreted in Figure 10.3. Data on the MS and MS-MS data of the parent compound and its three metabolites are summarized in Table 10.3. A proper uixierstanding of the fragmentation of the parent compound is of utmost importance in this approach. 

Deflazacourt is an inactive prodrag which after oral administration is rapidly converted to the active 21-hydroxydeflazacort. It has anti-inflammatoiy activity, and is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ifa et al. [87] developed a method for the determination of 21-hydroxydeflazacort in human plasma. The analyte and dexamethasone-21-acetate as the IS are extracted from plasma using a diethyl ether LLE. After evaporation to dryness and reconstitution in mobile phase, the compoimds are analysed using LC-MS with positive-ion APCl in SRM mode, monitoring the transitions m/z 400 124 for the analyte and m/z 435 397 for the IS. The linearity was tested in the range of 1 00 ng/ml. The intra-assay precision and accuracy were better than 5.5% and 7.1%, respectively. 

Montuschi et al. [53] described the negative-ion LC-ESI-MS analysis of LTB4 in exhaled breath consendate (EEC), a noninvasive method to collect airway secretions. In comparison between APCI-MS and ESl-MS in both positive-ion and negative-ion mode, negative-ion ESI-MS was found to provide the best results. The LOQ was 100 pg/ml. The method was applied to compare LTB4 concentrations in EEC of healthy and asthmatic patients, and to evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatoiy therapy. 

DiBona GE. Prostaglandins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoiy drugs. Effects on renal hemodynamics. Am J Med 1986 80 12-21. 

Cryptolepine has been found to possess anti-inflammatoiy effects in the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats (27) and Iwu (as cited in Iwu et al 1999) has also reported that the compound has shown histamine antagonism (1). 

Traditional healers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, utilize the bark of various Cryptocarya species (Lauraceae) as a substitute to the rare O. bullata. An investigation into the anti-inflammatoiy activity of bark extracts proved Cryptocarya species to be superior to O. bullata (32). As the COX-2 COX-l inhibition profile of C. woodii and C. wyliei extracts was remarkably good, the isolation of the active compounds in both species is underway (32). Such studies are vital in the conservation and optimal utilization of scarce resources and endangered species. 

The antalgic properties of Saro essential oil might also be useful in relaxing massage oils as they will be associated with its anti inflammatoiy properties (21, 27). 

Liquid ambar Levant Anti-inflammatoiy, Mainly styrene... 

Della Loggia, R. Sosa, S. Tubaro, A. Morazzoni, P. Bombardelli, E. Grifihu, A., Anti-inflammatoiy activity of some Ginkgo biloba constituents and of their phospholipid-complexes, Fitoterapia, 1996, 67, 257-264. 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatoiy drugs (NSAIDs) and derivatives... 

Native to Europe and Africa, it has spread all over, and the root contains anthroquinones and glycosides, along with various tannins and oxalates, which can be poisonous. It was used in the 1930s as a component of the herbal remedy Essiac, or Essiac tea, but was discounted by medical orthodoxy. Then, in 2004, a mixture of Essiac herbs was shown to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Subsequent animal studies showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatoiy, and anticancer activity, but further research is needed. 

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