Anthropomorphism

Even so, artificial neural networks exhibit many brainlike characteristics. For example, during training, neural networks may construct an internal mapping/ model of an external system. Thus, they are assumed to make sense of the problems that they are presented. As with any construction of a robust internal model, the external system presented to the network must contain meaningful information. In general the following anthropomorphic perspectives can be maintained while preparing the data ... 

Pesticide use was not Carson s chosen topic. She preferred to author works that simply fostered a deeper appreciation of nature. A shy and soft-spoken woman, Carson wrote with an Albert Schweitzer-like reverence for life. All was sacred to her. Her style was lyrical, vivid, and romantic, falling mostly within the nature-writing tradition. She gave her creatures anthropomorphic characteristics, set them in dramatic situations, hoping, she said, to make animals in the woods or waters, where they live, as alive to others as they are to me. ... 

Later Cram and his coworkers (Kyba et al., 1977, p. 2567) stated that the host fits like a collar around the +NsN neck of the guest . This anthropomorphic analogy can be extended in two directions by later work in this area (see below). 

Closely related to the crown ether adducts are the two intramolecular arenediazonium ion-crown ether compounds 11.6 and 11.7 which were synthesized by Gokel s group (Beadle et al., 1984b). Infrared and lH NMR spectra are consistent with the insertion of the diazonio group into the 21-crown-7 cavity. The complex 11.6 can therefore be described not in an anthropomorphic, but in a zoomorphic way, as an ostrich complex reflecting the common belief that an ostrich hides its head in a hole when endangered. For the complex 11.7 the spectra correspond to... 

Investigating phenotypic diversity is not easy. A basic requirement is to have different lines of parasite available and in natural host species. However, being aware of the possibility of variation between individual worms would be a start. The few studies that have molecularly considered individual worms (Bianco et al., 1990 Fraser and Kennedy, 1990 Currie et al., 1998) have found variation between individual worms. Such variation may be the basis of some experimental noise . Perhaps efforts should be focused on this noise The phenotypic diversity that exists in natural, and even laboratory, populations of nematodes is maintained there by natural selection. This tells us, anthropomorphically, that such diversity matters to parasitic nematodes. It is hoped that this chapter has shown that it should also matter to us. 

An animal s needs for stimulus diversity are difficult both to define and quantify (Carlstead 1996). Enrichment is often anthropomorphically rather than ecologically relevant (Chamove 1989), and due to human sensory biases we may fail to realize the importance of olfaction to less charismatic species, or those species with lower perceived levels of olfactory awareness (Hancox 1990 Somerville and Broom 1998). 

With respect to the nomenclature and classification system that Ingold set up, it is interesting to note the incorporation not only of traditional anthropomorphic metaphors of love and war (italicized), but also (without making too much of it) ones suggesting the modem capitalist marketplace (bold-face) ... 

The outlook of alchemy on the world outside human beings was essentially anthropomorphic. In the image of man, the alchemist created his universe. 

Supramolecular chain scission differs further from covalent chain scission, because supramolecular recombination is typically the predominant fate of a ruptured chain anthropomorphically speaking, the supramolecular moieties are, by their very nature, predisposed to reassociation rather than alternative reaction pathways. This predisposition is not intrinsic to the products of covalent bond mpture, which might lead either to high-energy intermediates with nonspecific reactivity or to species that require catalyst or elevated temperature to recombine. The... 

The principal data available to determine or E directly from ifpdO) are conversion coefficients which give the quotient of or E and /fp(lO) [i.e., He/[Hp(10)1 or /[ifp(10)]). The unit for each of the three quantities is Sv therefore, these conversion coefficients are dimensionless. Such conversion coefficients have been derived from calculations for a number of idealized conditions for irradiation by monoenergetic photons of mathematically described reference adult anthropomorphic phantoms. The conversion coefficients are a function of photon energy, photon beam direction, surface of the phantom on which the radiation is incident, and location where //p(lO) is being evaluated on the phantom. 

These analyses require that the 10) values for normal incidence be modified for irradiation geometries where the field is incident other than perpendicular to the surface of the personal monitor. The methods used in developing these modifications to fl pdO) for nonnormal incidence included extensive Monte Carlo calculations of photon interactions in anthropomorphic phantoms (Xu, 1994) or in PMMA and tissue slabs and the ICRU sphere (Grosswendt, 1991 Grosswendt and Hohlfeld, 1982), and thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements in water cubes (Lakshmanan et al., 1991). Some of these modifications for /fp(lO) are presented in ICRU (1992). 

Xu (1994) explored three photon energies (i.e., 80 keV, 300 keV and 1 MeV) and a number of irradiation geometries, including geometries with a large range of non-normal incidence. In particular, Xu (1994) provided (estimate) values for a variety of point sources at various locations and distances from the body. Xu (1994) computed the/fpdO) values in tissue-equivalent spheres located on the relevant surface of the anthropomorphic phantom. 

ICRU and ICRP have a joint effort underway to review and present values of E for Monte Carlo calculations in anthropomorphic phantoms, but that work is not yet published. When the data are published, a similar evaluation of the use of Hp(10) values determined from two personal monitors to estimate E will be possible. 

Le Chatelier s principle has been stated in many forms, some excessively vague or anthropomorphic and subject to misuse. For our present purposes, we adopt the following statement ... 

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