Anthropomorphic measurements

Several methods are available to evaluate a patient s actual body composition rather than total body mass. Skin-fold measurement may be of value in evaluating subcutaneous adiposity (adipose tissue accumulation) proper technique is required for reliable results. Other anthropomorphic measurements such as bioelectrical impedance, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and total body water immersion are also available.These last techniques are often of value in research studies, but it is clinically impractical to use them routinely (Elberg et al., 2004). 

These analyses require that the 10) values for normal incidence be modified for irradiation geometries where the field is incident other than perpendicular to the surface of the personal monitor. The methods used in developing these modifications to fl pdO) for nonnormal incidence included extensive Monte Carlo calculations of photon interactions in anthropomorphic phantoms (Xu, 1994) or in PMMA and tissue slabs and the ICRU sphere (Grosswendt, 1991 Grosswendt and Hohlfeld, 1982), and thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements in water cubes (Lakshmanan et al., 1991). Some of these modifications for /fp(lO) are presented in ICRU (1992). 

If a thermal neutron source is available, 1 can be determined at low concentration by measuring activation-produced °1 (12.4 h) at the same time, the specific activity can be measured by activation of stable 1 to 1 (25 min). The cross-sections for neutron activation are 6.1 bam for 1 and 9 bam for 1. Although 1 is a fission product, it is also produced in the environment by cosmic ray neutrons. Attribution to an anthropomorphic source must be checked by background measurements of comparable matrices in terms of the specific activity. Data from such measurements are available (NCRP 1983). 

L. Zollo et al, "Compliance control for an anthropomorphic robot with elastic joints Theory and experiments," /. Dynamic Syst., Measurement, Control, 127(3) 321-328,2005. 

Anthropomorphic test devices, commonly called crash test dummies, come in a variety of sizes corresponding to males and females from infants to adults in the fifth, fiftieth, and ninety-fifth percentile of the American population. They are nsed to determine how bodies are affected in a crash—what they hit within the interior of the vehicle, how they are ejected, and what injuries may result. The height, weight, and body measurements of the test dummies can be modified to model the actual participants in a specific accident. Injuries that commonly result from a vehicle accident are found in the spine, shoulder, and knee. 

The radiocarbon results for organic matter extracted from five different pictograph paint samples taken from Toca do Serrote da Bastiana, including the -20 cm tall red anthropomorph, are shown in Table II. The red paints contain iron ochre and the black ones are charcoal. The high uncertainty associated with 4BR312 is due to small sample size (--0.020 mg of carbon). We would not normally report a radiocarbon age on such a small sample, but the measurement is consist with the other radiocarbon results and shows that the age of the pictograph is certainly not 30,000-40,000 years old. Typically, >0.050 mg of carbon is necessary to obtain a viable radiocarbon age. 

The paradigm of Renaissance man is Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). His continual observations, notebooks fuii of machines, dissections, natural phenomena and processes are all directed to the mastery of nature through its perfect depiction. Science was an aid to the painter in his recreation the world. Implicit is the notion that there is an underlying coherence and reason to the universe, a consistency to be tapped into. The apparent modernity of his ideas veneer a very different consciousness, a method much removed from our own. Leonardo applied contemporary humanist models which placed man as the measure of all things. Everything was literally anthropomorphic, from geology upwards. His work mirrors the sensibilities of his time, and our re-interpretations to find new significance for him reflect our own. 

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