Chromatography with electrochemical detection

High performance Hquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been used to determine 2—7 ppb of carbamate pesticides in water (40). The investigated pesticides were aminocarb, asulam, j -butylphenyknethylcarbamate (BPMC), carbaryl, carbenda2im, chlorpropham, desmedipham, and phenmedipham. 

Micellar gradient elution liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection with sodium dodecyl sulfate has been used to separate phenols [186]. 

Because of this lack of resolving power, much electroanalytical research is aimed at providing increased selectivity. This can be accomplished in two ways. First, electrochemistry can be combined with another technique which provides the selectivity. Examples of this approach are liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) and electrochemical enzyme immunoassay (EEIA). The other approach is to modify the electrochemical reaction at the electrode to enhance selectivity. This... 

Shigenaga, M.K., Park, J.W., Cundy, K.C., Cimeno, C.J. and Ames, B.N. (1990). In pim oxidative DNA damage, measurement of 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine in DNA and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Meth. Enzymol. 186, 521-530. 

Imperato, A., and Di Chiara, G. Transtriatal dialysis coupled to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection A new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites. J Neurosci A.966-911, 1984. 

Caliguri, E. J, Capella, P., Bottari, L., and Mefford, I. N., High-speed microbore liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using 3 p C18 packing, Anal. Chem., 57, 2423, 1985. 

Mishin, V. M., Koivisto, T., and Lieber, C. S., The determination of cytochrome P450 2E1 -dependent p-nitrophenol hydroxylation by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Biochem., 233,212,1996. 

Kafil, J. B., Cheng, H.-Y., and Last, T. A., Quantitation of nucleic acids at the picogram level using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 58, 285, 1986. 

Mayer, W. J. and Greenberg, M. S., Determination of some carbamate pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, ]. Chromatogr., 208, 295, 1981. 

Feubolt, R. and Klein, H., Determination of sulphite and ascorbic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography withe electrochemical detection,. Chromatogr., 640, 271, 1993. 

The methods most commonly used to detect hydrogen sulfide in environmental samples include GC/FPD, gas chromatography with electrochemical detection (GC/ECD), iodometric methods, the methylene blue colorimetric or spectrophotometric method, the spot method using paper or tiles impregnated with lead acetate or mercuric chloride, ion chromatography with conductivity, and potentiometric titration with a sulfide ion-selective electrode. Details of commonly used analytical methods for several types of environmental samples are presented in Table 6-2. 

Fujitomo, H., Nishino, I., Ueno, K., Umeda, T. (1993). Determination of the enantiomers of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist in dog plasma by achiral/chiral coupled high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J. Pharm. Sci. 82, 319-322, 1300. 

Rocklin RD, Johnson DL. 1983. Determination of cyanide, sulfide, iodide, and bromide by ion chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Chem 55 4-7. 

Paterson B, Cowie CE, Jackson PE. 1996. Determination of phenols in environmental waters using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 731 95-102. 

Raggi MA, Sabbioni C, Casamenti G, Gerra G, Calonghi N, et al. 1999. Determination of catecholamines in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chrom B 730 201-211. 

Assay of catecholamines in urine by ion exchange chromatography with electrochemical detection... 

Aravagiri M, Marder SR, Van Putten T, et al. Determination of risperidone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection application to therapeutic drug monitoring in schizophrenic patients. J Pharm Sci 1993 82 447-449. 

Aravagiri M, Ames D, Wirshing WC, et al. Plasma level monitoring of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ther Drug Monii 1997 19 307-313. 

Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) is in widespread use for the trace determination of easily oxidizable and reducible organic compounds. Detection limits at the 0.1-pmol level have been achieved for a number of oxidizable compounds. Due to problems with dissolved oxygen and electrode stability, the practical limit of detection for easily reducible substances is currently about 10-fold less favorable. As with all detectors, such statements of the minimum detectable quantity must be considered only with the proverbial grain of salt. Detector performance varies widely with the analyte and the chromatographic conditions. For example, the use of 100- m-diameter flow systems can bring attomole detection limits within reach, but today this is not a practical reality. 

A Stitz, W Buchberger. Determination of sugar, sugar degradation products and alcohols by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Fresenius J Anal Chem 339 55-57, 1991. 

MA Schneiderman, AK Sharma, KRR Mahanama, DC Locke. Determination of vitamin K, in powdered infant formulas, using supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 815-817, 1988. 

V Piironen, T Koivu, O Tammisalo, P Mattila. Determination of phylloquinone in oils, margarines and butter by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Food Chem 59 473-480, 1997. 

MM Delgado Zamarreno, A Sanchez Perez, MC Gomez Perez, J Hernandez Mendez. Automatic determination of liposoluble vitamins in butter and margarine using Triton X-100 aqueous micellar solution by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 315 201-208, 1995. 

H Iwase, I Ono. Determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in juices by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using L-cysteine as precolumn reduc-tant. J Chromatogr 654 215-220, 1993. 

PG Schermerhom, PS Chu, PJ Kijak. Determination of spectinomycin residues in bovine milk using liquid-chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Agric Food Chem 43 2122-2125, 1995. 

TG Diaz, AG Cabanillas, MIA Valenzuela, CA Correa, F Salinas. Determination of nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and furaltadonc in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 764 243-248, 1997. 

W Luo, EB Hansen Jr, CYW Ang, HC Thompson Jr. Determination of lincomycin residue in salmon tissues by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J AOAC Int 79 839-843, 1996. 

Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to analyze menadione from animal feed after extraction by SFE (109). Average recovery declined with decreasing amounts of menadione spiked onto rat chow. At 0.1 to 1.5 mg of menadione spiked onto 0.5 g samples, recoveries ranged from 79.7% to... 

Acworth IN, Bogdanov MB, McCabe DR, Beal MF (1999) Estimation of hydroxyl free radical levels in vivo based on liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Methods Enzymol... 

Park J-W, Cundy KC, Ames BN (1989) Detection of DNA adducts by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Carcinogenesis 10 827-832 Patterson LK (1987) Instrumentation for measurement of transient behavior in radiation chemistry. In Farhataziz, Rodgers MAJ (eds) Radiation chemistry. Principles and applications. Verlag Che-mie, Weinheim, pp 65-96... 

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