Anthers

Chemical recovery ia sodium-based sulfite pulpiag is more complicated, and a large number of processes have been proposed. The most common process iavolves liquor iaciaeration under reduciag conditions to give a smelt, which is dissolved to produce a kraft-type green liquor. Sulfide is stripped from the liquor as H2S after the pH is lowered by CO2. The H2S is oxidized to sulfur ia a separate stream by reaction with SO2, and the sulfur is subsequendy burned to reform SO2. Alternatively, ia a pyrolysis process such as SCA-Bidemd, the H2S gas is burned direcdy to SO2. A rather novel approach is the Sonoco process, ia which alumina is added to the spent liquors which are then burned ia a kiln to form sodium aluminate. In anther method, used particulady ia neutral sulfite semichemical processes, fluidized-bed combustion is employed to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate, which can be sold to kraft mills as makeup chemical. 

Organ cultures. Differentiated tissues of shoots, roots, anthers, ovaries, or other plant organs in culture... 

Keijzer, C.J. (1983). Hydration changes during anther development. In Pollen Biology and Implications for Plant Breeding, ed. N.L. Matching F.A. Oha-viane, pp. 199-202. Elsevier. 

In the presence of air, the roots, coleoptile, mesocotyl, endosperm, scutellum, and anther wall of maize synthesise a tissue-specific spectrum of polypeptides. The scutellum and endosperm of the immature kernel synthesise many or all of the ANPs constitutively, along with many other proteins under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions all of the above organs selectively synthesise only the ANPs. Moreover, except for a few characteristic qualitative and quantitative differences, the patterns of anaerobic protein synthesis in these diverse organs are remarkably similar (Okimoto et al., 1980). On the other hand, maize leaves, which have emerged from the coleoptile, do not incorporate labelled amino acids under anaerobic conditions and do not survive even a brief exposure to anaerobiosis (Okimoto et al., 1980). 

Figure 10. Tissue specific expression of p-subunit proteins in floral tissues. Stage 3 (fully opened) flowers were collected, dissected and cell wall proteins (5 pgm) from the indicated organs isolated and analyzed for p-subunit antigen. Note the high level of expression in stigma/style and anthers/pollen and restriction of the larger antigen to stigma/style tissues. PGl lane, 1 gg of purified fruit PGl protein.

Tin is anther ancient metal that continues to have a variety of uses. The inorganic form is used in food packaging, solder, brass, and as an alloy with other metals. The organic forms of tin, triethyltin and trimethyltin, are used as fungicides, bactericides, and generally as antifouling agents for boats. 

The anthers fonnd that the confignration of the anomeric C-atom, to which the hydroper-oxy gronp is bonnd, determines the absolnte confignration of the epoxide formed. Remarkably, the aUylic alcohol 142p, which conld not be epoxidized nnder Sharpless conditions, was oxidized by the carbohydrate hydroperoxides in combination with Ti(OPr-i)4, albeit with low ee (11%). 

Modified from the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures. Various methods of seizure classification are nsed by different anthers. 

CS099 Tsushida, T. and Y. Doi. Caffeine, theanine and catechin content in calluses of tea stem and anther. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 1984 58(11) 1131-1133. 

CS137 Yamane, H., H. AbeandN. Takahashi. CS147 Jasmonc acid and methyl jasmonate in pollens and anthers of three Camelliaspecies. Plant Cell Physiol CS148 1982 23 1125-1127. 

NT391 Izman, G. V., N. A. Sherstyannykh, NT402 and L. G. Astaghova. Analysis of the tobacco haploids, produced by culturing anthers in vitro, in regards to their content of alkaloids and volatile acids. 

In order to develop an efficient procedure for obtaining a desired mutation, ion beams were applied to tobacco anthers, and potato virus Y (PVY)-resistant mutants have been selected. A high frequency (2.9-3.9%) of resistant mutants was obtained by the irradiation of C and He ions with a dose of 5-10 Gy [112,113]. 

Deboo, G.B., Albertsen, M.C., and Taylor, L.P., Flavanone 3-hydroxylase transcripts and flavo-nol accumulation are temporally coordinate in maize anthers. Plant J., 7, 703, 1995. 

Van Tunen, A.J., Hartman, S.A., and Mur, L.A., Regulation of chalcone flavanone isomerase (CHI) gene expression in Petunia hybrida the use of alternative promoters in corolla, anthers and pollen, Plant Mol Biol, 12, 539, 1989. 

Van der Meer, l.M. et al., Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in Petunia anthers results in male sterility, Plant Cell, 4, 253, 1992. 

Napoli, C.A. et al., White anther A Petunia mutant that abolishes pollen flavonol accumulation, induces male sterility, and is complemented by a chalcone synthase transgene, Plant Physiol, 120, 615, 1999. 

Nakayama, M. et al., Anthocyanins in the dark purple anthers of Tulipa gesneriana identification of two novel delphinidin 3-0-(6-0-(acetyl-a-rhamnopyranosyl)- 3-glucopyranosides), Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 63, 1509, 1999. 

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