Hazards animals

Japan s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) was formed in 1949 and reorganized as the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in 2001. METI is responsible for The Chemical Substances Control Law. It focuses on properties of chemical substances such as persistence, bioaccumulation, long-term toxicity to humans, and toxicity to plants and animals (hazards) and the likelihood of the chemical substance causing damage by remaining in the environment (risk).87 The law stipulates regulatory classifications and the measures to be taken for each classification. The classifications include the following ... 

Paraquat is practically nontoxic to honey bees, only slightly toxic to fish, and moderately toxic to terrestrial animals. Hazard for birds and mammals is generally short lived after paraquat application. 

Receptors. The receptor can be a person, animal, plant, material, or ecosystem. The criteria and hazardous air pollutants were so designated because, at sufficient concentrations, they can cause adverse health effects to human receptors. Some of the criteria pollutants also cause damage to plant receptors. An Air QuaUty Criteria Document (12) exists for each criteria pollutant and these documents summarize the most current Hterature concerning the effects of criteria pollutants on human health, animals, vegetation, and materials. The receptors which have generated much concern regarding acid deposition are certain aquatic and forest ecosystems, and there is also some concern that acid deposition adversely affects some materials. 

Exposure to PTFE can arise from ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation. The polymer has no irritating effect to the skin, and test animals fed with the sintered polymer have not shown adverse reactions. Dust generated by grinding the resin also has no effect on test animals. Formation of toxic products is unlikely. Only the heated polymer is a source of a possible health hazard (120). 

The importance of hydrolysis potential, ie, whether moisture or water is present, is illustrated by the following example. In the normal dermal toxicity test, namely dry product on dry animal skin, sodium borohydride was found to be nontoxic under the classification of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Furthermore, it was not a skin sensitizer. But on moist skin, severe irritation and bums resulted. 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

Some skin sensitization to low molecular-weight DGEBPA resins (mol wt - 340) has been shown in animals and humans. Skin sensitization decreases with an increase in molecular weight but the presence of low molecular-weight fractions in the advanced resins may present a hazard to skin sensitization (43). 

Inhalation toxicity does not present a hazard because of low vapor pressure. DGEBPA-based resins have been reported to cause minimal eye irritation (44). Systemic toxicity has not been noted in experiments where DGEBPA-based resins have been fed to laboratory animals. Mutagenic activity has not been shown in animals, but in vitro mutagenicity tests have yielded variable results (44). 

Air pollutants that present a hazard to livestock, therefore, are those that are taken up by vegetation or deposited on the plants. Only a few pollutants have been observed to cause harm to animals. These include arsenic, fluorides, lead, mercury, and molybdenum. 

Any hazard which land deposition may create requires assessment with regard to the risk of injury or impairment of health to persons or animals, damage to vegetation, pollution of controlled waters including aquifers - eitlier duectly or because of water run-off, and of long-tenu accumulation, e.g. of heavy metals or persistent chemicals. 

Typical units for LDjq values are milligrams or grams of material per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg or g/kg, recall that 1 kg = 2.2 pounds). Never be exposed to an LD50 dose of a hazardous chemical- by definition, there is a 50% chance this will kill you and if you survive you are not going to be in good shape. Pay close attention to the permissible exposure level (PEL) instead. This is a more realistic determination of the maximum safe exposure to a material and is usually based on the known effects of the chemical on humans, rather than laboratory animals. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Goggles or face shield dust mask Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation of dust may causes irritation of nose and throat. Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation. Ingestion has been observed to cause tremors and muscle spasms in test animals General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION move to fresh air. EYES flush with water for at least 15 min. SKIN flush with water wash with soap and water. INGESTION get medical attention Toxicity by Inhalation (Thresholdlimit Value) Data not available Short-Term Inhalation limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 2 oral LDjq = 3,800 mg/kg (rat) Late Toxicity Causes cancer in rats Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Data not available liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Not pertinent. 

---