Animal feed bags

Several incidents have occurred because similar names were confused. The famous case involving Nutrimaster (a food additive for animals) and Firemaster (a fire retardant) is w ell known. The two materials were supplied in similar bags. A bag of Firemaster, delivered instead of Nutrimaster, was mixed into animal feeding stuffs, causing an epidemic of illness among the fami animals. Farmers and their families were also affected [3]. 

Blummel M, Orskov ER. Comparison of gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1993 40 109-119. 

In Nebraska, state regulations require that the chemical makeup of animal feed sold in the state be accurately reflected on the labels found on the feed bags. The Nebraska State Agriculture Laboratory is charged with the task of performing the analytical laboratory work required. An example is salt (sodium chloride) content. The method used to analyze the feed for sodium chloride involves a potentio-metric titration. A chloride ion-selective electrode in combination with a saturated calomel reference electrode is used. After dissolving the feed sample, the chloride is titrated with a silver nitrate standard solution. The reaction involves the formation of the insoluble precipitate silver chloride. The electrode monitors the decrease in the chloride concentration as the titration proceeds, ultimately detecting the end point (when the chloride ion concentration is zero). 

Factors affecting the apparent digestibility of protein for swine when determined by the mobile nylon bag technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology 270-2), 137-146. 

Copra meal (cake) from the filter press is pelletized, bagged, and despatched to animal feed millers. 

During the course of a study a number of apparatus and materials will be utilised for various purposes. Technical equipment, instruments and apparatus will be required either directly for the generation, storage and retrieval of study data, or indirectly for the control and maintenance of suitable environmental conditions. Materials of the most varied kind, like bedding for animals, animal feed, test system containers, bags and jars for the collection of samples and specimens, spare and service parts for equipment, or protective clothing will have to be utilised in the test facilities and test sites, and these materials... 

Cone, J.W., A. A. Kamman, A.H. Gelder and V.A. Van Kindle, 2002. Rumen escape protein in concentrate ingredients determined with the nylon bag and enzymatic technique. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 97,247-254. 

Cone, J.W., M.A.M. Rodrigues, C.M. Guedes and M.C. Blok, 2009. Comparison of protein fermentation characteristics in rumen fluid determined with the gas production technique and the nylon bag technique. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 153,28-38. 

Antoniewicz, A.M., A.M. van Vuuren, C.J. Van der Koelen and I. Kosmala, 1992. Intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein of formaldehyde treated feedstufifs measured by mobile bag and in vitro technique. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 39, 111-124. 

Vanhatalo, A., I. Aronen and T. Varvikko, 1995. Intestinal nitrogen digestibility of heat-moisture treated rapeseed meals as assessed by the mobile-bag method in cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 55, 139-152. 

Moore-Colyer, M.J.S., Hyslop, J.J., Longland, A.C. and Cuddeford, D. (1997b) The degradation of organic matter and crude protein of four botanically diverse feed-stuffs in the foregut of ponies as measured by the mobile bag technique. In Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, Scarborough, p. 120. 

Some weeks later FDA investigators and Farm Bureau people found a partly filled bag of Firemaster at the feed mill. Within the month (May 1971 ) action (tolerance) levels were established by the FDA for PBB contamination. The Michigan Department of Agriculture began quarantining contaminated farms—a process that went on until the end of 1975- Another six months saw the original MACs for PBBs further lowered to 0.3 ppm for meats and dairy products, and 0.05 ppm for eggs and feed, as the toxic effects in animals were noted at lesser concentrations, and the routine detection of PBBs at these lower concentrations became feasible. 

With the development of the aquaculture industry and the need by hatcheries to rear larval and juvenile aquaculture animals came the need for production of microalgae as live feeds. While some hatcheries grow microalgae in multiples of relatively small scale culture containers, for example 20 litre carboys, it is more common for miCToalgal cultures to be grown in disposable plastic bags (200-1000 litres is typical) that are either supported vertically (Plate 9.1b) in metal frames or lie horizontally. 

Volden, H. and O.M. Harstad, 1995. Effect of rumen incubation on the true indigestibility of feed protein in the digestive tract determined by nylon bag techniques. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A, Animal Sci. 45, 106-115. 

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