Animal and surgical procedures

All experimental and surgical procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Kanazawa University. The subjects of our investigations were female Japanese macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata). These were kept in air-conditioned cages sized approximately 1 m on a side. The monkeys were allowed free access to water and were daily fed with artificial animal food, and fruits or vegetables. In total, tissues from 29 monkeys were included in the present study one monkey was neonatal (14 days old, sacrificed on postnatal day 14 P14), while the rest of the monkeys were sexually mature (age of 5-13 years). 

Veterinary science is a medical science dealing with the study, research, prevention, and treatment of disease in animals and the relation of animal disease to human health. It deals with the health of individual animals and groups of animals. Veterinary scientists include veterinarians who treat animal patients, research veterinary scientists who work in academic and private research laboratories, and technicians and technologists who assist veterinarians and veterinarian scientists. Veterinarians provide health care to companion animals and livestock. They play an important role in maintaining a wholesome food supply. Veterinary scientists involved in research are instrumental in the development of medicine, treatments, and surgical procedures applicable to both humans and animals. 

Gelatin is produced by partial acid or partial alkaline hydrolysis of animal collagen. It has a wide variety of therapeutic and pharmaceutical uses. It is often used in the manufacture of hard and soft capsule shells, suppositories and tablets, and is sometimes used as a sponge during surgical procedures, as it can absorb many times its own weight of blood. 

The use of animals for experimental purposes is under strict control in many countries, and licences are necessary before surgical procedures can be performed. 

In fact, PCP was first developed as an anesthetic for use during surgical procedures, but side effects led to its falling out of favor for this purpose in the 1960s. It was used as an animal anesthetic in veterinary medicine for a few years, but as people on the street began to abuse the drug more and more, all legal manufacture of PCP stopped in 1978. 

Intrasplenic immunization is used for the production of hybridomas in situations where only very small quantities of the antigen are available. Typically, it lends itself extremely well to producing antibodies to proteins that have been purified by electrophoresis and subsequent blotting onto nitrocellulose. Antibodies produced by this route are always immunoglobulin class M as only one immunization is used. This method is covered by Animal Procedures legislation in most countries as it is an invasive surgical procedure and welfare issues must be addressed. 

However evaluation of safety in animal models of disease may be difficult to conduct with strict adhere to current good laboratory practices (cGLPs) due to novel routes of administration, limited animal numbers, uniqueness of the animal model of disease, and/or novel surgical procedures. In such cases the principles of the regulation can still be followed, and where deviations occur, they should be evaluated for their impact on the expected clinical application and discussed. An in-depth discussion should be provided to support a regulatory submission. 

Neuroimaging is the least invasive means to measure neurotransmitter release and can be used in living animals or humans without surgical procedures. These techniques permit monitoring over a large area (e.g., the whole brain) in three dimensions with millimeter spatial resolution and temporal resolution in seconds to minutes (81). 

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