Prostate cancer androgen receptor

Gill C, Walsh SE, Morrissey C, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW. 2007. Resveratrol sensitizes androgen independent prostate cancer cells to death-receptor mediated apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. Prostate 67 1641-1653. 

Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, Frantz ME, Spooner AE, Ogata GK, Keer HN, Balk SP. Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1995 332(21) 1393—1398. 

H14. Hobisch, A., Culig, Z., Radmayr, C., Bartsch, G., Klocker, H., and Hittmair, A., Distant metastasis from prostatic carcinoma express androgen receptor protein. Cancer Res. 55,3068-3072 (1995). 

Z4. Zhu, X., and Liu, J. R, Steroid-independent activation of androgen receptor in androgen-independent prostate cancer A possible role for the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 134, 9-14 (1997). 

Dehm, S.M. and Tindall, D.J. (2006) Ligand-independent androgen receptor activity is activation function-2-independent and resistant to antiandrogens in androgen refractory prostate cancer cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 27882-27893. 

Boileau TW, Liao Z, Kim S, Lemeshow S, Erdman JW Jr, Clinton SK (2003) Prostate carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-testosterone-treated rats fed tomato powder, lycopene, or energy-restricted diets. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 1578-1586 Bonaccorsi L, Muratori M, Carloni V, Marchiani S, Formigli L, Forti G, Baldi E (2004) The androgen receptor associates with the epidermal growth factor receptor in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. Steroids 69 549-552... 

Hormone antagonists (tamoxifen and toremifen bind to the estradiol receptor, flutamide binds to the androgen receptor) are used for treating breast and prostate cancer. 

Cha, T.L. et al., Emodin down-regulates androgen receptor and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, Cancer Res., 65, 2287, 2005. 

Genetic Familial prostate cancer is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Mutations in p53, Rb, E-cahedrin, a-catenin, androgen receptor, KAII, microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygocity at 1, 2q, 12p, 15q, 16p, and 16q. Candidate prostate cancer gene locus identified on chromosome 1. 

CAG repeat length. Shorter CAG repeat sequences have been found in African Americans. Therefore, the combination of increased testosterone and increased androgen receptor activation may account for the increased risk of prostate cancer for African-American men.2 The Asian diet generally is considered to be low in fat and high in fiber with a high concentration of phytoestrogens, potentially explaining the decreased risk in Asians.4... 

Culig Z. Role of the androgen receptor axis in prostate cancer. Urology 2003 62(5 suppl 1) 21—26. 

Note PCa, prostate cancer WM, white male DES, diethylstilbestrol AR, androgen receptor PSA, prostate specific antigen and PAP, prostatic acid phosphatase. 

Xing, N, Y Chen, SH Mitchell, and CYF Young. 2001. Quercetin inhibits the expression and function of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 22(3) 409 414. 

Lin, D. L., M. C. Whitney, Z. Yao, and E. T. Keller. 2001. Interleukin-6 induces androgen responsiveness in prostate cancer cells through up-regulation of androgen receptor expression. Clin Cancer Res 7(6) 1773—81. 

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