And World War

Enos, J. L. (1962). Petroleum Progress and Protits Allistoiy of Process Innovation. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. Mosely, C. G. (1984). Eugene Houdry, Catalytic Cracking and World War II Aviation Gasoline. Journal of Chemical Education 61 655—656. 

Survey Graphic, Color Unfinished Business of Democracy, (Nov. 1942). Other issues devoted entirely to race include Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Minority Peoples in a Nation at War (Sept. 1942) Journal of Negro Education, The American Negro in World War I and World War II (Summer 1943) Journal of Educational Sociology, The Negro in the North during Wartime (Jan. 1944) and Race Relations on the Pacific Coast (Nov. 1945). 

For these reasons, nitrodiglycerine has not been adopted in practice in some countries e.g. in Germany, where dinitrochlorohydrin was for many years the most widely used raw material until it was replaced recently by nitroglycol. Nitrodiglycerine came into a broad use only in Great Britain in the years between 1920 and World War II. 

He was born in Moscow on May 18, 1915 at the time of World War I. Russia was still a monarchy, ruled by Emperor Nicholas II. Nikolay lived through two revolutions, Democratic and Bolshevik, the Civil War, establishment of the USSR, Stalin s dictatorship, and World War II, during which time he spent six years in the army and at the front. He then relaunched his scientific career from level zero, worked through the period of developed socialism , Gorbachev s perestroika, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a new Russia. His was quite a long and eventful life. .. 

Initial commercial developmental work on polyurethanes was carried out in Germany between World War I and World War II to find an alterative to nylon, which had been developed by E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company. The research was based on urethane chemistry. 

Tetryl is a synthetic substance that was used to make explosives, mostly during World War I and World War II. It is no longer manufactured or used in the United States. The chemical name for tetryl is N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline. Other commonly used names are 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, nitramine, tetralite, and tetril. Stocks of tetryl are found in storage at military installations and are being destroyed by the Department of Defense. Tetryl was frequently manufactured as pellets or powder. Under certain manufacturing conditions, it could exist in the air as a dust. Tetryl is a yellow, crystal-like solid at room temperature. It dissolves slightly in... 

Most of the information on the health effects of tetryl is from studies on workers employed in military facilities during World War I and World War II. These workers were involved in the production, use, packing, or loading of tetryl. The levels of tetryl in air at these facilities were often not measured. 

During World War I and World War II, most workers who routinely handled tetryl powder and pellets in munitions factories developed a distinct yellow staining of the skin. Many workers also developed skin rashes. These workers were exposed to high concentrations of tetryl dust in the air and by direct contact with the explosives. There are no medical tests to show if you have been specifically exposed to tetryl. However, if the breakdown products of tetryl found in the urine of animals exposed to tetryl were also present in the urine of exposed humans, these breakdown products could be used to indicate exposure to tetryl or similar substances. The symptoms caused by exposure to tetryl can also occur for many other reasons therefore, they cannot be used as proof of tetryl exposure. Refer to Chapters 2 and 6 for more information. 

The existing database on tetryl is quite limited. Most of the information on health effects comes from case studies and reports on the health of workers employed in tetryl munitions plants during World War I and World War II. The levels of tetryl to which these workers were exposed were generally not reported. Few data exist from animal studies with tetryl. None of the data located were reliable enough to determine levels of significant exposure (LSE). Because of this, estimates of levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels, or MRLs) could not be derived. 

The only studies located regarding health effects in humans after inhalation exposure to tetryl were case studies and other reports of workers exposed to tetryl dusts in manufacturing plants during World War I and World War II. Little information was available regarding the number of people exposed or the duration and level of exposure. Since exposure was to the tetryl-laden dusts, the effects could have been caused by inhalation, direct skin contact, or by swallowing. The dermal effects noted in these studies were most likely caused by direct skin contact and are described in Section 2.2.3. It is unknown whether the other effects were caused by inhaling or by swallowing tetryl therefore, in this profile, it is assumed that the primary route of exposure was inhalation. 

Several studies are available regarding health effects in humans exposed to tetryl in munitions manufacturing plants. In most studies, the number of workers or the duration and level of exposure were not provided. These studies were conducted during World War I and World War II when tetryl was being manufactured in large quantities. The workers were exposed by both dermal and inhalation routes, and it is possible that some of the dusts were swallowed. The toxic effects, other than dermal and ocular effects, are described in Section 2.2.1, Inhalation Exposure. 

Because triacylglycerols release heat on combustion, they can in principle be used as fuels for vehicles. In fact, coconut oil was used as a fuel during both World War I and World War II, when gasoline and diesel supplies ran short. Since coconut oil is more viscous than petroleum products and freezes at 24 °C, engines must be modified to use it and it can t be used in cold climates. Nonetheless, a limited number of trucks and boats can now use vegetable oils, sometimes blended with diesel, as a fuel source. When the price of crude oil is high, the use of these biofuels becomes economically attractive. 

V. Chemical Warfare Agents between World War 1 and World War II. 10... 

But the Turkish Army, when our mission came to Turkey, was an army of World War I ideas and World War I armament. Its older officers looked back to past accomplishments rather than forward to new horizons. It was capable of dying bravely. It was wholly incapable of engaging in modern warfare. The Turkish Air Force was almost nonexistent as far as any effective combat potential went. The Turkish Navy had a few good ships, but its officers had equally old-fashioned ideas, and there was no Turkish naval aviation. 

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