And grains

Issues associated with order occupy a large area of study for crystalline matter [1, 7, 8]. For nearly perfect crystals, one can have systems with defects such as point defects and extended defects such as dislocations and grain... 

Handbook 44 defines five accuracy classes for scales in terms of the value of the scale division and the number of divisions. Class I appHes to precision laboratory weighing. Class II appHes to laboratory weighing (precious metals, gems, and grain test scales). Class III appHes to the majority of industrial and retail scales, and to all scales not specified in the other categories. Class III L appHes to vehicle, Hvestock, railway, crane, and hopper scales. Class nil appHes to portable scales used for highway weight enforcement. 

The majority of thin paneling used today is imported from the Far East and is made from various tropical species of the luaun group, sometimes known as Philippine mahogany. These panels are normally finished using one of the processes intended to create the appearance and grain pattern of a decorative veneer or other patterns. 

S olid Propellant Mging, Mechanical Pehavior and Grain Structural Integrity, CPIA Pubhcation LS 77-27, CPIA, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., 1977. 

Distilleries produce distillers dried solubles and grains, 26—35% CP, as the by-products of Hquor and wine (qv) production. Brewers grains, 26—29% CP, are by-products of beer (qv) produced from barley fermentation (see Beverage spirits, distilled). 

Columnar Structure and Grain Size. Most of the deposited films reported in the Hterature have a so-called columnar stmcture (see Fig. 

The stmcture of the polysihcon depends on the dopants, impurities, deposition temperature, and post-deposition heat annealing. Deposition at less than 575°C produces an amorphous stmcture deposition higher than 625°C results in a polycrystalline, columnar stmcture. Heating after deposition induces crystallization and grain growth. Deposition between 600 and 650°C yields a columnar stmcture having reasonable grain size and (llO)-preferred orientation. 

Lead—silver alloys show significant age hardening when quenched from elevated temperature. Because of the pronounced hardening which occurs using small amounts of silver, the content of silver as an impurity in pure lead is restricted to less than 0.0025 wt % in most specifications. Small additions of silver to lead produces high resistance to recrystaUization and grain growth. 

Core-Loss Limits. In the United States, flat-roUed, electrical steel is available in the following classes (12) nonoriented, fiiUy processed nonoriented, semiprocessed nonoriented, fiiU-hard and grain-oriented, fiiUy processed. Loss limits are quoted at 1.5 T (1.5 x lO" G). The loss limits at 1.7 T (1.7 X ICf G) of the fourth class and of the high induction grades are shown in Table 2. Typical appHcations include use for transformers, generators, stators, motors, ballasts, and relays. 

Fig. 9. Variation of tensile properties and grain stmcture with cold working and annealing A, elongation B, yield stress and C, ultimate tensile stress.

Small amounts of TiN, HfN, and other metallic nitrides are produced on a pilot-plant scale. Titanium nitride is sold for 40—100/kg, depending on purity and grain si2e. Prices for HfN are ca 400 /kg. 

Pneumatic Pipelines. Pneumatic pipe systems are used to move blood samples, medicine, and suppHes between buildings in hospital complexes cash and receipts in drive-up banks parts and materials in factories refuse from apartment complexes and grain, cement, and many other materials. Most of these are small diameter and usually short however, a 17-km, 1220-mm dia pneumatic pipeline has been used to transport rock in the former Soviet Union since 1981, and a 3.2-km, 1000-mm dia line has moved limestone from the mine to a cement plant in Japan since 1983 (22). 

Fused-cast refractory is very dense but may contain a system of closed pores and large, highly oriented grains may exist in a particular casting. The size and distribution of the pore and grain phases must be controlled. 

Microstmcture and Grain Size. The carbon steels having relatively low hardenabihty do not contaia martensite or bainite ia the cast, roUed, or forged state. The constituents of the hypoeutectoid steels are therefore ferrite and peariite, and of the hypereutectoid steels, cementite and peariite. 

The quahty of incoming raw sugar is paramount for efficient operation. Polarization is a universal quaUty criterion. Color, ash (inorganic), invert sugar, moisture, dextran content, and grain size are other criteria that may be included in raw sugar purchase contracts. 

Suspension Polymerization. Suspension polymerization is carried out in small droplets of monomer suspended in water. The monomer is first finely dispersed in water by vigorous agitation. Suspension stabiUzers act to minimize coalescence of droplets by forming a coating at the monomer—water interface. The hydrophobic—hydrophilic properties of the suspension stabiLizers ate key to resin properties and grain agglomeration (89). 

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