And fuel consumption

Gordon, D., and Levenson, L. (1989). DRTVE+ A Proposal for California to Use Consumer Fees and Rebates to Reduce Mew Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption. Berkeley, CA Lawrence Berkeley... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Assessing the Emissions and Fuel Consumption Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Report Number 231-R-98-007. Washington DC Author. 

In many cases, boiler owners have run for years without appropriate pretreatment plants and therefore have unduly low expectations for boiler cleanliness, steam quality, and fuel consumption. But the fact is that recent changes in technology have brought down the costs of pretreatment equipment and increased quality and output so that even a relatively modest expenditure almost always results in significantly improved operational control and boiler plant efficiency. 

The market is still reluctant to adopt these mn-flat tires until there is an integral system that warns the driver of pressure loss. Many new smart developments are hitting the markets that monitor tire temperamre and pressure. This type of monitoring is also beneficial to fleet operators who need to measure and maintain tire-operating pressure to minimize tire wear and fuel consumption. 

Figure 1.1. General trend of the NOx and particulate emissions in Europe, Japan and the U.S. for light- and medium-duty engines (ESC test cycle) and effect of engine tuning on NOx/particulate emissions and fuel consumption. EGR exhaust gas recirculation. ESC test cycle European stationary cycle (http //www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/esc.html).

Aspekt-Modifikator-U Single-use agent which produces a thin porous film capable of retaining lubricant on the surface of engine and transmission components. Reduces noise, wear, varnish formation and fuel consumption and improves detergency. 

Transport scene setting and fuel consumption of hydrogen vehicles In 2005, in total there were 45.4 million passenger cars, 1.8 million LDVs and 87 000 buses on the roads in Germany (Prognos/EWI, 2005). It is assumed that the number... 

Because the air-fuel mixture was not compressed before ignition, the engine efficiency was very low and fuel consumption was very high. The fuel-air mixture was ignited by an electric spark inside the cylinder. 

These modern computer controlled ignition systems use multiple sensors to determine optimum firing. This may include double pick-up sensors on the flywheel to determine rpms under acceleration and deceleration, intake and atmospheric pressure compensation, oxygen sensor levels to maximize combustion, temperature sensors and exhaust emission sensors. All this data is constantly fed into the on-board computer and processed using complex algorithms to determine optimum firing and fuel consumption levels. 

Clarkson SG, Tom BL, Babcock AJ, et al. 1984. Results of testing unvented kerosene heaters in a house Gas emissions, surface temperatures and fuel consumption rates. In Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, CA, June 24-29,1984, Vol. 2. Pittsburgh, PA APCA. 

Figure 25.3 The reaction zone configuration used in the present analysis. On the left side solid lines for T, T02, and YcH.4 represent the outer solution, and the dashed lines show profiles resulting from finite reaction rates in the oxygen-consumption layer. The right side corresponds to an expanded view of the regions around in the left sketch, represented by a single fine there, showing the structure of the radical-equilibrium and fuel-consumption layers A — location of fuel and radical layers, B — oxidation layer, C — radical-equilibration layer, and D — fuel-consumption layer...

De Vlieger, I., On-Board Emission and Fuel Consumption Measurement Campaign on Petrol-Driven Passenger Cars, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3753-3761 (1997). 

G. P. Blair and co-workers, "The Reduction of Emissions and Fuel Consumption by Direct Air-Assisted Fuel Injection into a Two-Stroke Engine," The 4th Gra% Two-Wheeler Symposium, Technical University, Graz, Austria, 1991. 

The pipe reactor in the dryer produces MAP powder. Part of it is carried away into the cyclones of the dedusting loop. The remainder crystallizes on the DAP product. The recycle ratio of this process is lower than with a conventional preneutralizer, and fuel consumption in the dryer is also reduced296. 

Figure 5. Relation between the relative NO emission and fuel consumption at various injection timings 28, 23, 18, and O 13 ""BTDC, The reference fuel ( ) is a diesel oil with cetane number 43. Fuel 1 (mmti), fuel 2 (irkif ) and fuel 3 (---) are microemulsion fuels with 10, 20, arid 30% water respec-...

Optimization of internal engine combustion in respect of fuel efficiency and pollutant minimization requires detailed insight in the microscopic processes in which complex chemical kinetics is coupled with transport phenomena. Due to the development of various pulsed high power laser sources, experimental possibilities have expanded quite dramatically in recent years. Laser spectroscopic techniques allow nonintrusive measurements with high temporal, spectral and spatial resolution. New in situ detection techniques with high sensitivity allow the measurement of multidimensional temperature and species distributions required for the validation of reactive flow modeling calculations. The validated models are then used to And optimal conditions for the various combustion parameters in order to reduce pollutant formation and fuel consumption. 

TABLE 3. Effect of Deodorizer Pressure on Steam and Fuel Consumption. ... 

At current oil crop production levels and fuel consumption rates, biodiesel is unlikely to replace more than a very small portion of total diesel fuel consumed globally (1). However, biodiesel has many potential niche markets where its low toxicity and improved emissions can provide value that outweighs the added costs of using this fuel. Toxicity and biodegradability tests have determined that biodiesel is a... 

K. P. Schug, H.J. Guttmann, A. W. Preuss, K. Schadlich, Effects of Ferrocene as a Gasoline Additive on Exhaust Emission and Fuel Consumption of Catalyst Equipped Vehicles, SAE Paper No. 900154, 1990. 

Post WW II concerns about the impact of mass fires led to studies in Europe and the United States of the physics and behavior of very large fires. A joint research effort called Project Flambeau by Australian, Canadian and United States foresters and civil defense agencies examined fire development over simulated urban regions in the late 1960s. They created simulated housing areas by creating 10 ft (2 m) high piles of pine and juniper wild-land fuels distributed in checkerboard patterns. Measurements were made of wind speeds, temperature, and fuel consumption rates. Fire whirls and fire tornadoes were observed to frequently occur [133,422],... 

The gasoline tax in Europe has some effect on auto use and fuel consumption. The United Kingdom, France and Germany have gasoline taxes of more than 2.00 per gallon, which is about five times the federal gasoline tax in the U.S. 

RAPS conditions. They will be fine-tuned in the field via feedback provided by a satellite data-link. This strategy is expected to extend battery life to eight years and reduce diesel run-time. Thus, system efficiency will be improved and fuel consumption and its related pollution will be decreased. 

Small" cars, of under 1.4 litres capacity, will generally be able to use lean-bum technology alone (although for some markets outside the EC, a catalyst solution may be necessary). Showroom price effects will be minimal, possibly in the order of 150 ECUs/dollars/(BFr 8.000) or less, depending on the type of electronic ignition equipment fitted. Servicing is unlikely to be different to today s cars, and fuel consumption may improve by 12% or so. This possible improvement is especially marked in comparison with the fuel consumption penalty associated with three-way catalysts. 

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