Injection of fuel into

Ignition delay can be defined as the time period between the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber and ignition of the fuel. A long ignition delay period is characteristic of low-cetane-number fuels a shorter period is a characteristic of higher-cetane-number fuels. 

The outline of this paper is as follows. First, a theoretical model of unsteady motions in a combustion chamber with feedback control is constructed. The formulation is based on a generalized wave equation which accommodates all influences of acoustic wave motions and combustion responses. Control actions are achieved by injecting secondary fuel into the chamber, with its instantaneous mass flow rate determined by a robust controller. Physically, the reaction of the injected fuel with the primary combustion flow produces a modulated distribution of external forcing to the oscillatory flowfield, and it can be modeled conveniently by an assembly of point actuators. After a procedure equivalent to the Galerkin method, the governing wave equation reduces to a system of ordinary differential equations with time-delayed inputs for the amplitude of each acoustic mode, serving as the basis for the controller design. 

This atypical problem results when fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites and bums before properly mixing with air. Injection of fuel too early in the... 

Poor Penetration of Injected Diesel Fuel into Combustion Chamber... 

The process of fuel injection first involves movement of fuel from the fuel tank by the fuel delivery pump. This low-pressure pump supplies fuel into the fuel delivery port of each plunger and barrel assembly. As the plunger moves past and clears the fuel delivery port, fuel flows into the barrel filling the chamber above the top of the plunger. Continuous rotation of the camshaft then forces the plunger in the opposite direction, closing off the flow of fuel into the barrel and trapping fuel within the barrel chamber. 

Power plants using fuel cells can now take the place of the present polluting coal or oil-based (indirect) electricity-producing plants. However, in a further development, it would be possible to extract COz from the atmosphere, and H2 from solar-driven electrolysis, to produce methanol with zero net injection of C02 into the atmosphere. These plants would at first ran on hydrogen from these fossil fuels, the attraction being the reduction of pollution and the increase in the conversion efficiency. To what extent the latter two commodities would be supplied from remote sites, or collected onsite at... 

The nature of the products allows us to predict that the oil will slowly polymerize due to reaction between the phenols and furans, with side reactions from unsaturated hydrocarbons. The oil will also be rather corrosive because of the acidic nature of the phenols. We have observed both of these in practice. Oil products are stable only if kept in a freezer, and syringes used for injection of samples into the GC/MS instrument characteristically seize. Plugging of pipes together with rather serious corrosion problems have occurred in practice at Albany, and are consistent with our observations on oil composition. Under these circumstances, to suggest direct use of the oil as a fuel in conventional boiler equipment without pretreatment is unwise. 

The injection of CO2 into the earth s crust is already being undertaken by various oil companies. Since 1996, the Norwegian oil company Statoil has separated more than 1 million tons of CO2 annually from natural gas and pumped it into a saltwater aquifer beneath the floor of the North Sea. In western Canada a group of oil companies has injected CO2 from a North Dakota synthetic fuels plant into oil fields in an effort to increase oil recovery. The oil companies expect to store 22 million tons of CO2 there and to produce 130 million barrels of oil over the next 20 years. 

Fuel injectors are nozzles that inject a spray of fuel into the intake air. They are normally controlled electronically. A metered amount of fuel is trapped in the nozzle end of the injector, and a moderate injector pressure (2—3 bar) generated by a fuel pump is applied to it At the proper time, the nozzle is opened and fuel is sprayed into the intake manifold. The amount of injected fuel is controlled by pressure and dwell time of injection. An electronic fuel injector consists of solenoid coil, valve needle, plug, fuel inlet, and pintle. When not activated, flie cod spring holds the plunger against its seat, which blocks the inlet flow of fuel. When activated, the electric solenoid coil is excited and moves the plunger and pintle. This opens the needle valve... 

Vamish-like deposits tend to accumulate at the throat of the pintle for the IDI, and on the injector needle for the DI these deposits result in poor spray patterns of fuel into the combustion chamber, as well as irregular fuel flow. Deposit buildup is more noticeable with pintle than with direct injection injectors. 

Successful implementation of an opportunity fuel prc ram must accomplish technical, environmental, an or economic in rovements. These can be increases in boiler capacity or efficiency, either through the use of a high calorific value fuel (petroleum coke, TDF) or by the design of the system used to introduce the fuel into the boiler (e.g., separate injection of biomass into a PC boiler can overcome pulverizer limitations on capacity). There can be reductions in emissions of SO2, NO CO and hydrocarbons, and mercury and other trace metals associated with the use of opportunity fuels. TDF fired with medium sulfur bituminous coal can have a significant benefit with respect to SO2 emissions. In roperly used, however, opportunity fuels can increase certain emissions including opacity. 

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